Encyclopedia of Islam

biography

  

103  J

---

Further reading: Carl Ernst, “Lives of Sufi Saints.” In 

Religions of India in Practice, edited by Donald S. Lopez, 

Jr., 495–512 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University 

Press, 1995); R. Stephen Humphreys, Islamic History: 

A Framework for Inquiry (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton 

University Press, 1991), 187–208; F. E. Peters, Muham-

mad and the Origins of Islam (Albany: State University 

of New York Press, 1994); Widad al-Qadi, “Biographi-

cal Dictionaries: Inner Structure and Cultural Sig-

nificance.” In The Book in the Islamic World: The Written 

Word and Communication in the Middle East, edited by 

George N. Atiyeh, 93–122 (Washington, D.C.: Library 

of Congress, 1995).