Elmuradov B. E. Texnik tizimlarda axborot texnologiyalari

Ob’yektlardagi oddiy amallar. 
Ob’yektlar bilan ishlaganda asosiy amallar - bu, ko’chirib o’tkazish, 
katta va kichik shaklga keltirish, aylantirish, bo’laklarni almashtirmoq, 
tekislamoq va ko’paytirmoq. 
Ajratilgan ob’yektning markazida ob’yekt bilan uzviy bog’liq koordinata 
tizimini aniqlaydigan uchta koordinata o’qi paydo bo’ladi - X, Y va Z . Bu 
koordinata o’qi mahalliy ob’yektning koordinata tizimdan tashkil topgan. 
Mahalliy koordinata tizimi chiqqan o’qdagi nuqta tayanch (Pivot Point) deb 
ataladi. Tayanch nuqta ba’zan ob’yekt markazidan siljishi, gohida bir-biriga 
mos kelmasligi mumkin. Masalan, markazga to’g’ri kelgan tayanch nuqta 
qatlamini 
qimirlamay 
turishi 
kerak, 
ammo, 
agar 
bu 
ob’yektni 
Hemisphere(yarim qatlam) ko’rsatkichi bilan o’zgartirib ob’yektni sozlansa, 
tayanch nuqta ob’yekt markazining pastki qismida joylashadi. Ob’yektda har
qanday oddiy amallarni bajarishda uning joylashishiga qarab uch o’lchovli 
joylashuvni o’zgartishda bevosita kontekst menyusini chaqirish lozim, ya’ni 
ob’yektda sichqonchani o’ng tugmachasini bosing. Menyuga tegishli biror 

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150 
amalni tanlash - Move (ko’chirish), Scale (Masshtablashtirish), yoki Rotate 
(Aylantirish). 
3D Vizual ob’yekt sozlov oynasi 
Kontekst menyusi. Ko’chirish. Kontekst menyusidagi Move(ko’chirish) 
buyrug’ini tanlash, bitta koordinata o’qidagi ob’yektning koordinata tizimiga 
sichqoncha ko’rsatkichini olib boring. 
3D Vizual ob’yekt oynasi
Bu ko’chirib o’tkazish boshqa tekislikka olib o’tishga yo’naltirilgan 
bo’lishi lozim, ya’ni koordinata o’qi sariq rangda bir oz yoritib turiladi. 
General concepts of 3D graphics. 
3D computer graphics (in contrast to 2D computer graphics) are graphics 
that utilize a three-dimensional representation of geometric data that is stored in 
the computer for the purposes of performing calculations and rendering 2D images. 
Such images may be for later display or for real-time viewing. 

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151 
Despite these differences, 3D computer graphics rely on many of the same 
algorithms as 2D computer vector graphics in the wire frame model and 2D 
computer raster graphics in the final rendered display. 
A 3D model is the mathematical representation of any three-dimensional 
object (either inanimate or living). 
A model is not technically a graphic until it is visually displayed.
Due to 3D 
printing, 3D models are not confined to virtual space.
A model can be displayed 
visually as a two-dimensional image through a process called 3D rendering, or 
used in non-graphical computer simulations and calculations. 
In 3D computer graphics, 3D modeling is the process of developing a 
mathematical representation of any surface of an object (either inanimate or living) 
in three dimensions via specialized software. ... The model can also be physically 
created using 3D printing devices. Models may be created automatically or 
manually. 
3D is defined as a system or effect used in a movie or object to provide three 
dimensions - width, length and depth. An example of 3D is a movie in which you 
are given special glasses to watch. 
3D Interactive environments are often referred to as virtual reality or 
interactive 3D and have a figurative appearance. Much like our own world, this 
type of world allows interaction with other (networked) beings as well as 
manipulation of objects. 
Simply put, 3D artwork is digital representation of a natural or imagined 
object in three dimensions: height, width, and depth. This type of artwork can best 
be thought of as a digital sculpture. 
3D audio effects are a group of sound effects that manipulate the sound 
produced by stereo speakers, surround-sound speakers, speaker-arrays, or 
headphones. This frequently involves the virtual placement of sound sources 
anywhere in three-dimensional space, including behind, above or below the 
listener. 

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152 
3D Interactive environments are often referred to as virtual reality or 
interactive 3D and have a figurative appearance. Much like our own world, this 
type of world allows interaction with other (networked) beings as well as 
manipulation of objects. 
3D computer graphics creation falls into three basic phases:
1.
3D modeling – the process of forming a computer model of an object's shape 
2.
Layout and animation – the placement and movement of objects within a scene 
3.
3D rendering – the computer calculations that, based on light placement, 
surface types, and other qualities, generate the image 
The model describes the process of forming the shape of an object. The two 
most common sources of 3D models are those that an artist or engineer originates 
on the computer with some kind of 3D modeling tool, and models scanned into a 
computer from real-world objects. Models can also be produced procedurally or 
via physical simulation. Basically, a 3D model is formed from points called 
vertices (or vertexes) that define the shape and form polygons. A polygon is an 
area formed from at least three vertexes (a triangle).