5.1 Gasoline Spray Investigations
with Additives
116
Chapter 5
5
Droplet Sizing with Additives and
Alternative Fuels
Chapter 5 describes the results from an investigation
into the fundamental
effects of fuel additives on GDI spray formation. In Section 5.2, analysis of four single
component fuels and a base diesel fuel is additionally presented to enable better
understanding of the effects that fuel additives exhibited on base gasoline. The
equipment and methods used in the experimental and data
analysis are identical to
those described in Chapters 3 and 4. In Section 5.3, surface tension and viscosity
measurement analysis and discussion is presented.
5.1
Gasoline Spray Investigations with Additives
The need for better efficiencies and ever increasing government regulation on
fuels and emissions has made use of fuel additives the norm in modern engines.
Although often overall benefits are known to result from the use of additives, the
mechanisms at work are often not understood. This is
especially true for recent
utilisation of DI fuel systems in gasoline engines. The first part of the current study on
fuel additive effects was to determine the extent to which fuel additives affect the
5.1 Gasoline Spray Investigations with Additives
117
physical properties of fuels through analysis of fuel sprays under various conditions.
The following sections will present the findings of the investigations.
5.1.1
Experimental Additives
Fuel additives used in the current study are mostly in commercial use. The
categories are as described in Section 2.1: deposit control additives, friction modifiers,
combustion improvers, drag reducing agents, anti-static additives and carrier fluids.
Additives are added to base fuel in quantities of parts per million. In current study this
is equivalent to adding a milligram of additive per litre of fuel. Base gasoline fuel used
in the study corresponds to European Standards EN228.
Table 5.1 displays the additives and the labelling system used for experimental
work. Due to their proprietary nature, it is not possible to
disclose the exact
Additive Group
Additive
Treat Rate (1X), mg/L
Anti-Static
Additive
AS-A
2
Carrier
Fluid
C-B
100
Combustion Improvers
CI-E
250
CI-F
250
CI-H
250
CI-I
1000
Deposit
Control
Additives
DCA-A
100
DCA-B
100
DCA-C
100
DCA-G
100
DCA-M
100
DCA-N
100
Drag Reducing Agents
DRA
30
DRB
30
Friction
Modifiers
FM-A
100
FM-N
100
FM-O
100
Viscosity
Modifier
Lauric
diethanolamide
1000
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