Effect of Gasoline Fuel Additives on Combustion and Engine Performance


Contents  Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... 3



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Contents 
Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... 3
 
Abstract ...................................................................................................................... 4
 
Contents ...................................................................................................................... 5
 
Table of Images .......................................................................................................... 9
 
Table of Tables ......................................................................................................... 15
 
Nomenclature ........................................................................................................... 16
 
1
 
Introduction .................................................................................................... 19
 
1.1
 
Background on Additives ........................................................................ 20
 
1.2
 
Objectives ................................................................................................ 21
 
1.3
 
Thesis Layout .......................................................................................... 24
 
2
 
Literature Survey ........................................................................................... 26
 
2.1
 
Fuel Additive Review .............................................................................. 26
 
2.1.1
 
Deposit Control Additives .......................................................... 27
 
2.1.2
 
Combustion Improvers ................................................................ 31
 
2.1.3
 
Anti-Statics .................................................................................. 34
 
2.1.4
 
Drag Reducing Agents ................................................................ 36
 
2.1.5
 
Friction Modifiers ....................................................................... 37
 
2.1.6
 
Carrier Fluids .............................................................................. 39
 
2.1.7
 
Measuring Effectiveness of Additives ........................................ 40
 
2.2
 
Fuel Metering Systems ............................................................................ 42
 
2.2.1
 
Carburettor Systems .................................................................... 43
 
2.2.2
 
Gasoline Indirect Injection .......................................................... 43
 
2.2.3
 
Gasoline Direct Injection ............................................................ 44
 
2.3
 
Spray Characterisation ............................................................................. 46
 



2.3.1
 
Fuel Atomisation ......................................................................... 46
 
2.3.2
 
Droplet Size ................................................................................. 52
 
2.3.2.1
 
Fuel Viscosity .............................................................. 53
 
2.3.2.2
 
Fuel Surface Tension ................................................... 54
 
2.3.2.1
 
Fuel Injection Pressure ................................................. 54
 
2.3.2.2
 
Fuel Temperature ......................................................... 55
 
2.3.2.3
 
Empirical Relationships ............................................... 56
 
2.3.3
 
Droplet Sizing Methods .............................................................. 57
 
2.3.3.1
 
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