Effect of Gasoline Fuel Additives on Combustion and Engine Performance

Table of Tables 
Table 1.1: Regulated exhaust gas emissions within the EU for gasoline powered 
passenger cars. A given standard applies to all new cars sold within the 
EU after a given date. PM and PN emissions are only applicable to 
engines with direct injection. All emissions are measured in g/km, except 
for PN which is measured in #/km [3] .................................................. 20
 
Table 2.1: Fuel additive types with characteristic usage and testing information . 41
 
Table 2.2: Secondary droplet break-up mechanisms based on Weber number ..... 47
 
Table 2.3: Empirical relationships for SMD and researches that established them [7, 
138, 142, 143] ....................................................................................... 55
 
Table 4.1: Engine testing conditions .................................................................... 113
 
Table 5.1: Additives and treat rates as used in droplet sizing experiments ......... 117
 
Table 5.2: Properties of base fuels used in the project ......................................... 124
 
Table 5.3: Measured and literature based viscosity and surface tension values of all 
fuels used in experiments, including base and additive bearing fuels and 
pure fuels with binary mixtures. Gasoline additive measurements were 
only carried out for 10 time treat rate ................................................. 133
 
Table 6.1: Additives used in combustion investigations. CI-A is a cetane improver, 
CI-I and CI-Additional are octane improvers ..................................... 139
 
Table B.1: Dimensions of assumed variables ....................................................... 193
 

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16 
Nomenclature 
Abbreviations 
AS 
Anti-Static(s) 
ATC
Technical Committee of Petroleum Additive Manufacturers in Europe 
BTDC 
Before Top Dead Centre 
CCD
Combustion Chamber Deposit(s) 
CI 
Combustion Improver(s) 
CF 
Carrier Fluid(s) 
CFD
Computational Fluid Dynamics 
CVCV 
Constant Volume Combustion Vessel 
CVHC 
Constant Volume Hot Cell 
CVPC 
Constant Volume Pre-Combustion Cell 
DCA
Deposit Control Additive(s) 
DI 
Direct Injection 
DRA
Drag Reduction Agent(s) 
EGR
Exhaust Gas Recirculation 
FM
Friction Modifier(s) 
GDI
Gasoline Direct Injection 
HC
Hydrocarbon
HRR
Heat Release Rate 
IC 
Internal Combustion
ICCD
Intensified Charge couple device 
IMEP
Indicated Mean Effective Pressure 
KI 
Knock Intensity 
LD
Laser Diffraction 
NO
x
Oxides of Nitrogen 
ORE
Optical Research Engine 
ORI
Octane Requirement Increase 
PDA
Phase Doppler Anemometry 
PDIA