Effect of Gasoline Fuel Additives on Combustion and Engine Performance

Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers - Tribology Transaction, 
vol. 42, no. 4, 
pp. 813-823, 1999.
[92] F. Gustavsson, P. Forsberg and S. Jacobson, “Friction and Wear Behaviour of 
Low-Friction Coatings in Concentional and Alternative Fuels,” 
Tribology 
International, 
no. 48, pp. 22-28, 2012.
[93] J. Williams, Engineering Tribology, New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
[94] D. Dowson, “Developments in Lubrication - The Thinning Film,” 
Journal of 
Physics D: Applied Physics, 
no. 25, pp. A334-A339, 1992.
[95] F. Bowden and D. Tabor, Friction and Lubrication of Solids, Clarendon Press, 
1950.
[96] B. Davis and J. Retzloff, “Friction Modifier for Gasoline”. USA Patent US 
Patent, 4,236,898, 2 December 1980. 

---

176 
[97] A. Horodysky, J. Kaminski, H. Ashjian and H. Gawel, “Friction Reducing 
Additives and Compositions Thereof”. Patent US Patent, 4,328,113, 4 May 
1982. 
[98] G. Abramo, N. Avery and J. Trewella, “Deposit Control Additives and Fuel 
Compositions Containing the Same”. Patent US Patent, 5,089,028, 18 February 
1992. 
[99] G. McLean, “Additive Concentrate for Fuel Compositions”. Patent European 
Patent Application, EP 0 829 527 A1, 18 March 1998. 
[100] D. Palmer and S. Heikoff, “Coating Material and Method”. Patent US Patent, 
4,071,639, 31 January 1978. 
[101] T. Mitusova, S. Loginov, E. Polina, K. Rudyak, V. Kapustin, A. Lugovskoi and 
B. Vyzhgorodskii, “Improvement of the Lubricating Properties of Diesel 
Fuels,” 
Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils, 
vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 167-
170, 2002.
[102] ASTM International, “Standard Test Method for Electrical Conductivity of 
Liquid Hydrocarbons by Precision Meter,” 2012. 
[103] A. Lefebvre, “Properties of Sprays,” in 
International Conference on Mechanics 
of Two-Phase Flows
, Taiwan, 1989.
[104] A. Defrance and P. Versille, “Charge-Mixing Device”. France Patent United 
States Patent Office, 1,790,854, 3 February 1931. 
[105] Robert Bosch GmbH, Automotive Handbook, 6th ed., Plochingen: Robert 
Bosch GmbH, 2004.
[106] F. Zhao, M.-C. Lai and D. Harrington, “Automotive Spark-ignited Direct-
Injected Gasoline Engines,” 
Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 
vol. 
25, no. 5, pp. 437-562, October 1999.
[107] Delphi Corporation, “Delphi Multec GDi Multi-Hole Fuel Injectors,” 2009. 
[108] S. Merola, P. Sementa, C. Tornatore and B. Vaglieco, “Effect of the Fuel 
Injection Strategy on the Combustion Process in a PFI Boosted Spark-Ignition 
Engine,” 
Energy, 
vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 1094-1100, February 2010.
[109] T. Anand, A. Mohan and R. Ravikrishna, “Spray Characterization of Gasoline-
Ethanol Blends from a Multi-Hole Port Fuel Injector,” 
Fuel, 
vol. 102, pp. 603-
623, December 2012.
[110] N. Fdida, J.-B. Blaisot, A. Floch and D. Dechaune, “Drop-Size Measurement 
Techniques Applied to Gasoline Sprays,” 
Atomization and Sprays, 
vol. 2, no. 
20, pp. 141-162, 2010.

---

177 
[111] A. Aziz and M. Ali, “Conceptual Development of a Pressure-Swirl Injector for 
a Two-Stroke GDI Engine,” in 
1st Regional Conference on Vehicle 
Engineering & Technology
, Kuala Lumpur, 2006.
[112] J. Serra-Pereira, Z. van Romunde, P. Aleiferis, D. Richardson, S. Wallace and 
R. Cracknell, “Cavitation, Primary Break-Up and Flash Boiling of Gasoline, 
iso-Octane and n-Pentane with Real-Size Optical Direct-Injection Nozzle,” 
Fuel, 
vol. 89, no. 9, pp. 2592-2607, September 2010.
[113] P. Patel, “Development of an Optical Facility for an Investigation into the 
Effect of Fuel Additives on Diesel Sprays,” London, 2013. 
[114] R. Baert, P. Frijters, B. Somers, C. Luijten and W. de Boer, “Design and 
Operation of a High Pressure, High Temperature Cell for HD Diesel Spray 
Diagnostics: Guidelines and Results,”