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E learning in pharmaceutical continuing

Fig. 1.
virtual patient case “Adaś”
Wiesz już, że pełne uzębienie mleczne obejmuje 20 zębów. 
Są to zęby trzech rodzajów:
– siekacze (
Incisor
)
– kły (
Canin
)
– zęby trzonowe (
Molares
)
.
Zróżnicowanie zębów jest związane z ich odmienną funkcją 
w procesie spożywania pokarmów.
Siekacze
służą do rozcinania pokarmów, przepoławiania 
większych czstek. 
Kły
służą do odrywania twardszych 
pokarmów, natomiast 
zęby trzonowe
do rozcierania pokarmu 
na jednolitą masę. 
Siekacze to zęby przednie. Jest ich osiem: 4 w dolnej 
i 4 w górnej szczęce. 
Kły
są zębami środkowymi. Jest ich cztery. Są rozmieszczone 
symetrycznie (po prawej i lewej stronie szczęki) po jednym 
za siekaczami dolnymi i górnymi.
Zęby trzonowe są ułożone na końcu szczęki (za kłami), 
najbardziej bocznie. Jest ich osiem: 4 w dolnej i 4 w górnej 
szczęce. 
Rodzaje zębów w szczęce przedstawia rysunek.


19
E-lear
ning
Educational decision diagrams in biomedical and life sciences…
The textbook chapter contained approx. 800 words, 25 sche
-
mas (dentition images) and 3 tables. The dental pathway included 
approx. 2000 words, 11 dentition schemas and was accessible 
through a standard web browser. The text content and images 
of the dental pathway were displayed upon selection of the 
relevant shape with a mouse pointer (Fig. 3).The virtual patient 
case was a simple web application presenting a set of linearly 
ordered screen cards showing the progress in teeth growth of 
a child in a 14 years’ period. 
All materials were presented in a self-study scenario, in 
which students were invited to attend a class and asked to learn 
individually using a computer. None of the students had prior 
experience with dental age estimation. The scenario in the irst 
15-20 minutes was the same for all students (N = 30) and in-
volved reading basic information about dentition presented as 
a computer-based anthropological case (virtual patient). The 
second part, in which students were randomly divided into two 
groups, took 20-30 minutes. Members of one group (N = 17) were 
studying individually a dental pathway, whereas the members 
of the second group (N = 13) were reading a textbook chapter. 
Finally, every student got three pictures with dentition in order to 
practice estimation of the child’s developmental age.
Fig. 2.
Overview of the dental pathway
One week after the class students were tested to investigate 
whether gained knowledge and skills could be retained. Students 
were not informed in advance about the test. The subjects were 
given a short knowledge test and ive pictures of children teeth to 
check their practical skills. Students’ satisfaction with the learning 
scenario was measured by a survey consisting of 5-point Likert’s 
scale questions and free-text questions.
Fig. 3.
Pop-up window activated upon selection of a pathway 
element by a mouse pointer
Obtained data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, 
signiicance tests of median difference (Mann-Whitney) and 
inally, correlations between the study variables were sought 
(Spearman r).
Results
It was shown that students’ basic knowledge (gained during 
self-study with virtual patient Adaś) was good (Fig. 4). 
Fig. 4.
Students’ results in theoretical questions


20
E-lear
ning
Educational decision diagrams in biomedical and life sciences…
The average mark in theoretical questions was 3,5 (in 
a 4-points scale). Students had no problems with text com-
prehension in the anthropological case description (“
Was content 
of virtual patient comprehensible?
” average 4,6 in 5-points scale), 
textbook and developmental pathway (respectively mean 4,0 
and 4,5). Most of them agreed that both textbook and pathway 
were helpful learning resources to learn evaluation of dental age 
(Fig. 5. average 4,1 in textbook group and 4,4 in pathway, no 
signiicant difference (p = 0,22)). Developmental pathway was 
rated as a good tool for self-study (mean 4,2). Positive students’ 
attitude was conirmed by practical test cases (Fig. 6). In addition, 
the higher grades students had in theoretical part, the better they 
managed with practical tests (r = 0,45; p < 0,05). While comparing 
practical skills of students in both groups, it occurred that there 
was no signiicant difference in the retaining effect of self-study 
between textbook and pathways (Fig. 7). Students learning 
with dental pathways reached 5,4 points in average, whereas 
students using anthropological textbook reached 5,8 points (in 
10 points scale; p = 0,66).

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