EdData II: Data for Education Research and Programming (derp) in Africa



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Toolkit Planning for Language Use in Education Global 08 2015

Table 2
 
is
 
a graphical overview of when L1 and Lx are generally used in primary and secondary. First, it 
is important to note that these models are often modified and implemented differently in different 
contexts. Second, because these language models have generally been imported from primarily 
monolingual North American or European contexts, they cannot simply be applied directly to the 
sub-Saharan African context because the situation of L1 and L2 exposure is quite different. (For 
example, in the United States, the L2 in transitional or additive bilingual programs is usually 
English, which is a widely spoken LWC in the U.S.; in Africa, however, the L2 (such as French 
or English) is usually 
not
a widely spoken LWC in the children’s environment and is more akin 
to a foreign language.) Of these models, early-exit and late-exit transition are the two most 
commonly used to describe language models in Africa. They generally involve an abrupt shift 
into L2/Lx as the LOI at the end of lower or upper primary schooling. 
Table 2. 
Summary of language models common references in LOI 
discussions 
(The number in the top row refers to the grade level in school) 
Model 
Primary School 
Secondary School 












L1-based 
Instruction 
Immersion 
Transitional 
early exit 
Transitional late 
exit 
Additive 
 
 
L1 
L2/Lx 
Source: USAID (2012a). 
2.1.3 Research implications for planning 
Rather than focusing on which specific “language model” to apply, the goal of language 
planning should be to identify—based on the research about language and learning, the goals of 
the education sector, contextual factors, and the conditions needed for success—how to use 
language for instruction and how to teach children languages, in an appropriate manner. Rather 
than focus solely on identifying a specific point in time at which students “should” transition 
from one language of instruction to another, policy and planning dialogue should be concerned 
more broadly with what students need to know, in terms of both language and curricular content.


10 
If transition from one language of instruction to another is identified as necessary to achieving a 
country’s education goals—
and
is feasible given contextual factors (i.e., teachers are proficient 
and resources are available)—careful consideration must be given to what students need to know 
in order to make a successful LOI transition, and by when they are able to acquire the skills 
needed. This will likely mean identifying which languages to use for instruction and which to 
teach as subjects throughout a learners’ education, depending on the desired learning goals and 
the research on effective approaches to language learning. As previously noted, evidence 
overwhelmingly points to the effectiveness of using an L1 (or, if necessary in a multilingual area, 
another language in which children are proficient) as the LOI throughout primary school (at 
least) to best support learners’ reading development, mastery of curricular content, and learning 
of a second language, with additional languages taught as a subject. Evidence from the African 
context as well as internationally suggests the following guidance: 


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