EdData II: Data for Education Research and Programming (derp) in Africa


Figure 1.  Research on language and learning: Key ideas for effective language



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Toolkit Planning for Language Use in Education Global 08 2015

Figure 1. 
Research on language and learning: Key ideas for effective language 
planning
2.1.2 Language models and LOI transition 
Discussions about language use in education, particularly with regard to sub-Saharan Africa
often become fixated on identifying a “language model” and an exact grade level at which time 
the LOI should “switch” from L1 to L2. This section addresses these issues by providing 
information on language models 
commonly referred to in 
discussions of LOI in sub-Saharan 
Africa, as well as issues related to 
LOI transition.
For reference purposes,
 Annex B
summarizes language models 
commonly mentioned in 
discussions about language 
planning, particularly in the sub-
Saharan African context. These 
include L1-based instruction
immersion (referred to as 
“submersion” if no L1 support is 
provided), early or late exit 
transitional bilingual education 
(children
receive L1-based 
language instruction for a short 
amount of time until they are 
Research on 
language 
and 
learning
Overall, children learn 
better when 
instruction is in L1.
A strong foundation in 
L1 facilitates acquiring 
proficiency in L2.
Learning an L2 at 
school is very 
different from 
learning an L1 at 
home.
Academic learning 
requires a high level 
of proficiency in the 
LOI.
Many factors 
influence how long it 
takes for a child to 
acquire adequate L2 
proficiency for 
academic learning. 
What does vocabulary have to do with it? 
How do education practitioners know when children have learned an 
L2/Lx sufficiently well that it can be used (if needed, for at least part of the 
school day in a bi- or multilingual program) as a medium of instruction? 
Different countries and organizations have used different ways to 
determine what a language learner knows. Currently, one of the most 
commonly used tools is the Common European Framework Reference for 
Languages (CEFR) (Language Policy Unit, n.d.; Little, Goullier, & Hughes, 
2011), described in 
Annex C.
Designed with multilingualism in mind, the 
CEFR competencies are linked to the number of words (vocabulary) a 
child needs to know at each level. This approach is based on research 
demonstrating that different languages have different vocabulary 
requirements, and that the threshold for a given level of competency in 
that language is specific to that language. Of importance to education 
planners and teachers is that children may need four to five years of 
formal education to gain a level of vocabulary knowledge in a second or 
foreign language that would allow them to use that language for learning 
and to understand the content of their school books and teachers (Nation, 
1990; Orosz, 2009). 
Although CEFR was developed for Western countries, it is a useful model 
because it is a framework for multilingual contexts and provides 
competency-based indicators. A similar framework could also be helpful 
for assessing language competencies in multilingual African contexts.



transitioned into learning in an Lx)
, and additive bilingual
(curricular program develops and 
maintains students’ primary language while simultaneously adding a second language).
 

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