E. A. Abdalina, R. J. Hoshimova

O’qish qoidalari
Kuyidagi jadvalni o’qituvchi yordamida tushuning va o’qib chiqing.
So’zlarni yodlang.

O’qilmaydigan undosh harflar

Harf- lar	Talaf-fuzi	O’qituvchi bilan ishlash uchun misollar
		So’z boshida
k+n	[-n]	,knife (pichoq), know (bilmoq), knock –out (nokaut)
w+r w+h	[-r] [h]	,write (yozmoq), ,wrong (noto’g’ri), ,wrote (yozdi) ,who (kim), whose (kimning), ,whom (kimni) ,whole (hammasi, butun)
H	—	,honest (rostgo’y), ,honour (shon-sharaf), ,hour (soat)
So’z urtasida
-h-	—	,when (qachon), ,white (oq), ,what( (nima), ,why (nimaga)
-w-	—	,answer (javob), ,two (ikki) knowledge (bilim)
-t-	—	,listen (eshitmoq), ,often (tez-tez)
-al-	[a:]	,calm (tinch), ,half (yarim), ,palm (kaft)
-alk-	[ә:k]	,chalk (bo’r), ,walk (yayov)
-igh-	[ai]	,might (qila olmoq), ,light (yorug’), ,fight (kurashmoq)
-eigh-	[ei]	,eight (sakkiz), ,weight (og’irlik)
So’z oxirida
	—	,high (baland), through (oraliq)
		,climb [klaim] (yuqoriga tirmashib chiqmoq) ,bomb (bomba), ,column (qator)

O’qish qoidalari uchun mashqlar:

Quyidagi so’zlarda unli harflarni qisqa va alfavit tarzida o’qing:


a) ,neck — bo’yin, ,match — gugurt, ,film — film, ,pencil — qalam,
,brush — cho’tka, ,fifth — beshinchi, ,land — yer, ,get — olmoq, ,sun — quyosh.
b) miner — konchi, ,take — olmoq, ,smoke — chekmoq, ,pen — ruchka, ,try — harakat qilmoq, ,huge — baxaybat, ,but — lekin, ,pho,ne — telefon qilmoq, ,five — besh.
s) ,March — mart, ,port — port, ,third — uchinchi, ,sport— sport,
,burn — yondirmoq, ,branch — shoxobcha, ,farm — ferma, ,firm — firma, birth — tug’ilish.
Quyidagi so’zlarni o’qing va o’qilmaydigan undosh harflarni aytib bering:
,hour — soat, ,wreck — avariya, ,write — yozmoq, ,while — o’sha paytda, ,whom — kimga, ,wrong — noto’g’ri, ,knee — tizza, ,straight — to’gri, tekis, ,debt — qarz, ,bomb — bomba.


Grammatika: To be fe’li Indefinite Tense da bo’lmoq, bor bo’lmoq ma’nolarini anglatib, xozirgi, o’tgan va kelasi zamon shakllariga ega:

Present Indefinite	Past Indefinite	Future Indefinite
I am he she } is it we you } are they	I he she } was it we you } were they	I shall be he she } will be it we shall be you } will be they

So’roq gapda to be fe’li egadan avval qo’yiladi.


Is he a student? U talabami?
Was he a student? U talaba edimi?
Will he be a student? U talaba bo’ladimi?

Bo’lishsiz gapda not yuklamasi to be dan keyin qo’yiladi.

He is not a student U talaba emas
He was not a student U talaba bo’lgan emas
He will not a student U talaba bo’lmaydi


He isn’t a student
He wasn’t a student (Og’zaki nutkda qisqa aytiladi)
He won’t a student


Quyidagi savollarga javob bering


Gapda fe’lning qaysi shaklini qo’llash kerak?
“We … in the classroom” (am, is, are)
“Yes, it was? javob qaysi savolga to’g’ri keladi?
1 . Was the classroom big? Was he a student? Was she in Moscow ?
Are theu at the Institute? gapiga qaysi javob to’g’ri keladi?
1 . Yes, we are. 2. Yes. I am. 3. Yes, theu age.

Nuqtalar o’rniga to be fe’lining kerakli shaklini qo’ying, payt xoli (yesterday [,jestedi]— kecha, last year [la:st, jiә] — o’tgan yili, next year ['nekstjә:] — kelasi yili so’zlariga ahamiyat bering)

1. I... an engineer am
2. We... students is
3. He... a teacher are
4. It... Friday yesterday were
5. Theu ... students last year was
6. You ... a a student next year will be


Ingliz tilidagi darak gapda so’z tartibi

Ingliz tilidagi gapda so’zlarning o’zaro bog’lanishida qo’shimchalar ko’p bo’lmagani uchun gapda ma’no so’z tartibi va predloglar asosida beriladi. Ingliz tilida so’z tartibi qat’iydir, har bir gap bo’lagining o’z o’rni bor.

The students study these plans. Talabalar bu rejalarni o’rganadilar
Agar inglizcha gapdagi so’zlarning o’rnini almashtirsak, ma’nosiz gap tuziladi.


Ingliz tilidagi darak gapda so’z tartibi:

0 Hol	I Ega	II Kesim	III to’ldiruvchi			IV Hol
			Pred- logsiz vosita- li	To’g’ri	Predlogli vositali
in this room every day	We He She	study gives reads	us	mathe-matics lessons her notes	to Pete	in this room every day

Jadvaldagi gaplarning kesimi The Present Indefinite (Noaniq qozirgi zamon)da berilgan. Bu zamon ish-harakatni doim takrorlanib turishini va doimiy bo’lib turadigan harakat va xolatni ifodalaydi. The Present Indefinite Tense ning bo’lishli shakli barcha shaxslar uchun (3-shaxs birlikdan tashqari) fe’lning asosiy shaklidan tuziladi. 3-shaxs birlikda fe’l negiziga -s yoki (-es) qo’shiladi.

He speaks English U inglizcha gapiradi.

Gaplarning so’roq va bo’lishsiz shakli yordamchi fe’l do bilan yasaladi, III shaxs birlikda does ishlatiladi. Gapdagi asosiy fe’l hamma shaxslarda ham to yuklamasi tushirib qoldirilgan infinitiv shaklida bo’ladi.

Does he sreak English? (so’roq shakli). Ne does not (doesn’t) speak English (bo’lishsiz shakli). (Indefinite Tenses haqidagi to’la ma’lumot uchun asosiy kursga qarang).
Quyidagi mashqlarni bajaring


Quyidagi so’zlar yordamida so’z tartibi qoidasiga amal qilib darak gaplar tuzing:

1. 
   books, puts, she, the, table, on
   
2. 
   books, to read, by Russian writers, likes, he
   
3. 
   mathematics, study, in this room, we, every day
   

Quyidagi gaplardagi gap bo’laklarini aniqlang, bo’lishli gapda so’z tartibi bo’yicha so’zlarni jadvalga joylashtiring:

0	I	II	III	IV
Xol yoki aniqlovchi	Ega	Kesim	To’ldiruvchi	Hol

1. Every day he goes there by bus.
2. Most of the students take an active part in social life.
3. Our University trains specialists for different branches of industry.
Umumiy so’roq gapning tuzilishi
Umumiy so’roq gapda savol butun gapga beriladi. Unda so’z tartibi o’zgaradi; gap yordamchi fe’llardan biri be, haue, do yoki modal fe’llar can, may, must bilan boshlanadi.

0	I	II	III	IV
Yordamchi fe’l	Ega	Kesim	To’ldi- ruvchi	Hol
Do Does	you he	like live	music?	in Kiev?

Umumiy so’roq gapga qisqa javob beriladi.

1. Yes, I do 2. No. he does’t.


Kishilik olmoshlari
Ingliz tilidagi kishilik olmoshlarida ikkita kelishik bor: bosh va ob’ekt kelishigi. Kishilik olmoshlari bosh kelishikda ega, ob’ekt kelishikda esa to’ldiruvchi bo’lib keladi I (ega) like him (to’ldiruvchi).
Kishilik olmoshlarini esda tuting:

Son	Shaxs	Kishilik olmoshlari
		Bosh kelishik	Ob’ekt kelishik
Birlik	1. 3.	I — men he, she, it — u	me — menga, meni him, her, it, — unga, uni
Ko’plik	1. 2. 3.	we — biz uou — siz they — ular	us — bizga, bizni uou — sizga, sizni them — ularga, ularni

Buyruq mayli
Buyruq mayli buyurish, maslahat, iltimos kabi ma’nolarni anglatadi va infinitiv to yuklamasisiz ishlatiladi.
Go - Bor (ing)!
Take the book — Kitobni ol(ing)!

Buyruq maylidagi fe’l oldidan kelgan do not qisqartirilgan don’t (don t) bo’lishsizlikni anglatadi.

Do not (don’t) take the ren. Ruchkani olma!
Do not (don’t) smoke: Chekma!

Buyruq mayli I va III shaxsda (birlik va ko’plikda) let Q olmosh (ot) Q infinitiv birikmasi yordamida ham berilishi mumkin.

Let me go. Ketishga ruxsat bering.
Let her take the bag. U sumkani olsin.


Let ko’makchi fe’li oldidan kelgan do not (don’t) ta’qiqni anglatadi.


Don’t let him do it U buni qilmasin.
Don’t let the boy go. Bola bormasin.