tionality Question in Soviet Central Asia (New York: Praeger, 1973), 160; Robert
L. Canfield and School of American Research, eds., Turko-Persia in Historical
Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 12.
5. Itzhak Ben-Zvi, The Exiled and the Redeemed (Philadelphia: Jewish Publica-
tion Society of America, 1957), 80–84.
6. Bernard Lewis, The Jews of Islam (Princeton: Princeton University Press,
1984), 20–21; Harvey E. Goldberg, Sephardi and Middle Eastern Jewries (Bloom-
ington: Indiana University Press, 1996), 3.
7. Ben-Zvi, The Exiled and the Redeemed, 73, 78, 87.
222 · Alanna E. Cooper
8. Ephraim Neumark, Masa b᾿ereṣ ha-qedem, ed. Avraham Ya῾ari (Jerusalem:
ha-Aḥim Leṿin Epshtayn, 1947), 102.
9. Kate Fitz Gibbon and Andrew Hale, Ikat: Splendid Silks of Central Asia (Lon-
don: Laurence King in association with Alan Marcuson, 1997), 103.
10. Ben-Zvi, The Exiled and the Redeemed, 87.
11. In 1979, only 6 percent of the married Uzbeks living in Uzbekistan’s capi-
tal city, Tashkent, had married non-Uzbeks. Survey data indicate that in 1991,
39 percent of the Uzbeks living in Tashkent spoke Russian either with some
difficulty or with great difficulty, and 5 percent did not speak Russian at all. Ju.
V. Arutjunian, Uzbekistan: Inhabitants of the Capital (Moscow: Russian Academy
of Science, 1996), 89, 186.
12. In 1962, only some 8 percent of Central Asian Jews in Tashkent, Uzbeki-
stan’s most cosmopolitan city, were married to non-Jews. Mordechai Altshuler,
“Some Statistics on Mixed Marriages among Soviet Jews,” Bulletin on Soviet and
East European Jewish Affairs 6 (1970): 30–32.
13. See Baruch Gur, “Situation Paper No. 6: The Jewish Population of the
Former Soviet Union,” Jewish Agency for Israel Briefing, 1993.
14. CIA, “The World Factbook,” https://www.cia.gov/library/publications
/the-world-factbook/geos/uz.html.
15. Elaine Wishner, “Mission to Tashkent,” Jerusalem Post, 19 December
1989.
16. The number of homes destroyed is disputed. On 10 May 1990, Walter
Ruby reported that forty Jewish and Armenian homes were burned, with the
ratio being “approximately equal in number” (Jerusalem Post, “Four Arrested
for Torturing Jewish Family in the Caucasus”). On 16 May, Ruby reported that
sixteen Jewish homes, twelve Armenian homes, and five Russian homes were
“burned to the ground” (Jerusalem Post, “Frightened Jews in USSR’s Moslem
Regions Desperate to Flee to Israel”). In David Waksberg’s “Report on Events in
Andizhan, Uzbekistan, May 2, 1990,” issued by the Bay Area Council for Soviet
Jews, more than fifty Jewish homes were said to have been “looted and burned
to the ground.”
17. Jerusalem Post reports of 10 May and 16 May, as cited above, and Walter
Ruby, “Tashkent’s Jews Fear a Rising Tide of Nationalism in Central Asia,” Je-
rusalem Post, 27 June 1990.
18. In an article entitled “USSR Breakup Raises Questions about Emigra-
tion,” Garth Wolkoff reported, “There is concern here about the cultural atti-
tudes toward Jews in the six Moslem republics,” and “growing Moslem funda-
mentalism may inspire the Central Asian republics eventually to curtail Jewish
emigration, particularly if they fall under the influence of neighboring Iran.”
Northern California Jewish Bulletin, 3 January 1992. Likewise, in an article en-
titled “Danger Stalks New Republics,” Robert Leiter reported, “If prices for
goods continue to skyrocket, it could lead not just to discontent but also to
social unrest and violence directed at Jews. . . . [We] are most concerned about
Where Have All the Jews Gone? Mass Migration from Independent Uzbekistan · 223
the Moslem Central Asian republics, where the growth of Islam has everybody
worried.” Jewish Exponent in Philadelphia, 17 January 1992.
19. Morning Edition, National Public Radio, 18 June 1992, “Duschambe’s
Russians Fear the Tadzhiks.” Batsheva Tsur reported that Tajikistan is “in a
state of political upheaval, with the populace increasingly embracing Islamic
fundamentalism.” “Tajikistan Airlift Set to Begin,” Jerusalem Post, 23 September
1992.
20. Garth Wolkoff, “Tears, Fears Found by JCF Leaders in Uzbekistan,”
Northern California Jewish Bulletin, 5 November 1993.
21. Perry A. Bialor, “Don’t Call Us Russians,” New York Times, 7 August 1994.
22. Jewish Press Magazine, 5 August 1995.
23. Suzanne Freeman, “Close Knit, but Closed Out,” New York Times, 16
March 1997.
24. Mikhail Degtiar, “The Jews of Uzbekistan—The End of an Epoch,” Cen -
tral Asia and the Caucasus 4, no. 10 (2001). Also posted on the Union of Coun-
cils for Soviet Jewry website, http://www.ucsj.org/news/jews-of-uzbekistan
-end-of-epoch.
25. Betty Ehrenberg, “A Bittersweet Visit to a Distant Land,” Amit, Sum-
mer 1997, and Maureen Greenwood, “Letter from Tashkent,” Forward, 28 March
1997.
26. The “new city” is an area of Samarkand that was developed and planned
in the late nineteenth century under Russian colonial rule.
27. Aryeh Dean Cohen, “Uzbekistan’s Jewish Renaissance,” Jerusalem Post,
16 May 1997.
28. Betty Ehrenberg, “A Bittersweet Visit to a Distant Land,” Amit, Summer
1997.
29. Alanna E. Cooper, “Looking Out for One’s Own Identity: Central Asian
Jews in the Wake of Communism,” in New Jewish Identities, ed. Zvi Gitelman
(Budapest: Central European University Press, 2003), 191–93.
30. According to demographic statistics gathered by the Jewish Agency
for Israel, the population of Ashkenazi Jews in Uzbekistan in 1989 numbered
60,000. They were concentrated in the Uzbekistan’s most populous cities. Most
lived in Tashkent. According to M. Zubin’s article, “The Jews of Samarkand
in the Year 1979,” there were 4,121 Ashkenazi Jews in Samarkand. Pe῾amim 35
(1987): 170–77. Fewer lived in Bukhara (personal communications with Ashke-
nazi and Central Asian Jewish residents in Bukhara, as well as local community
leaders).
31. Although official statistics on intermarriage between Bukharan Jews and
Ashkenazi Jews are unavailable, during the course of five months of ethno-
graphic research in Samarkand, I learned of six cases of Bukharan Jews in Sa-
markand who had married non-Jews and only two who had married Ashkenazi
Jews.
32. Based on a survey of 113 couples. See Alanna E. Cooper, Negotiating Iden-
224 · Alanna E. Cooper
tity in the Context of Diaspora, Dispersion, and Reunion: The Bukharan Jews and Jew-
ish Peoplehood (Ann Arbor: UMI Dissertation Services, 2001), 247–48.
33. For further discussion on Central Asian Jews’ elaborate customs sur-
rounding death, see Alanna E. Cooper, “Feasting, Memorializing, Praying, and
Remaining Jewish in the Soviet Union: The Case of the Bukharan Jews,” in
Jewish Life after the USSR: A Community in Transition, ed. Zvi Gitelman (Bloom-
ington: Indiana University Press, 2002).
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