42. Shulamith B. Tulgan, “Geliebtes Istanbul,” Jüdisches Berlin 7, no. 60 (2004):
13; Stanford Shaw, The Jews of the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic (New
York: New York University Press, 1991); Mehmet Yılmaz, “Keine No Go Areas
in Kreuzberg,” Jüdisches Berlin 7, no. 60 (2004): 12.
43. Kastoryano, Negotiating Identities, 132.
44. This is a slogan that is written on a banner while Turkish immigrants are
at a public demonstration against racism in Germany. The picture is available
in a booklet prepared for the Ausländerbeauftragte by Gerdien Jonker, Muslime
in Berlin (Berlin, 2002).
45. On the idea of the cultural repertoire, following Charles Tilly, see Ann
Swidler, “Cultural Repertoires and Cultural Logics: Can They Be Reconciled?”
Comparative and Historical Sociology 14 (2002): 1–6.
46. Unless otherwise indicated, “Turkish” shall mean here persons originat-
ing from Turkey, regardless of ethnic origin.
47. For the history of commemoration of Kristallnacht in Germany, see Y.
Michal Bodemann, Jews, Germans, Memory (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan
Press, 1996).
48. Speech of Safter Çınar, spokesman for the TBB, City Hall, Berlin, 23 No-
vember 2002. Zafer Senocak has also raised this theme in Atlas des tropischen
Deutschland (Berlin: Babel, 1992).
49. New York Times, 7 June 2002.
50. Hürriyet Daily Newspaper, European edition, “Hesabi Tutmadi,” 10 June
2002; D. Cziesche and B. Schmidt, “Schlag ins Wasser? Deutsche Muslime dis-
tanzieren sich von Jürgen Möllemann,” Der Spiegel 24 (2002).
51. Hürriyet Daily Newspaper, European edition, “Brenner: Ortak noktalar-
imiz var,” 17 July 2001.
52. Mohammed Aman H. Hobohm, Die Welt, 16 November 2004.
53. Interview with Ahmet Yılmaz, Executive Committee Member of the
Türkische Gemeinde zu Berlin, 8 May 2003.
54. See Kastoryano, Negotiating Identities. The preposition zu is somewhat
antiquated and rarefied, and it is therefore remarkable that the Cemaat would
adopt this form.
55. Emine Demirbüken, Foreigners’ Commissioner of Tempelhof-Schöne-
berg, Municipality in Berlin, 4 March 2003.
56. This part of the discussion deliberately excludes other religious groups
than Sunnite Muslims who migrated from Turkey to Germany, such as Alevites,
Yezidis, and Assyrians.
57. See Islamische Charta, Zentralrat der Muslime in Deutschland (2002) for a
full list of Muslim claims, http://www.islam.de.
58. KdöR stands for “Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts.” See Yurdakul,
“Mobilizing Kreuzberg.”
Jews and Turks in Germany after 9/11 · 95
59. See “Milli Görüş’e John Destegi,” Sabah, 10 July 1999; “Geld für Islam-
Unterricht,” Berliner Morgenpost, 21 September 2002; Ulf Häußler, “Muslim
Dress Codes in German State Schools,” European Journal of Migration and Law
3 (2001): 457–74. In the school year 2002/2003, 1,607 students in Berlin (852
girls, 805 boys) took Islam as a religion course in Berlin; 74 percent of them
were of Turkish nationality; 21 percent were Arabs. See Islamische Föderation
in Berlin, “Aktuelle Daten über den IRU für das Schuljahr” (2004), http://www.
islamische-foederation.de/IRU.htm; “Die Kopftuch Schule,” Die Tageszeitung,
24 June 2004.
60. At issue was the following: A German schoolteacher of Afghan origin,
Feresteh Ludin, insisted on wearing the hijab in the school. When she was fired,
she complained that she was being discriminated against on the grounds of her
religious beliefs. When her case was brought before the Bundesverfassungsg-
ericht (the constitutional court of Germany,) it ruled that “Germany’s constitu-
tional law did not explicitly forbid the wearing of headscarves in the classroom
in state-run schools.” The court then left it up to the individual Länder to legally
enact a ban on wearing the headscarf in schools. Some of the Länder have now
outlawed the headscarf.
61. “German States Move to Enact Headscarf Bans,” Deutsche Welle, 25 Sep-
tember 2003.
62. Y. Michal Bodemann, “Unter Verdacht: Parallelgesellschaften und Anti-
Islamismus,” Süddeutsche Zeitung, 20 November 2004; Gökçe Yurdakul, “Secu-
lar versus Islamist: The Headscarf Debate in Germany,” in Politics of Visibility:
Young Muslims in European Public Spaces, ed. Gerdien Jonker and Valerie Ami-
raux (Bielefeld: Transcript Verlag, 2006).
63. Evrensel Daily Newspaper, European edition, “Yüksek mahkemeden kur-
bana vize çıktı,” 16 January 2002; Islamische Gemeinde Milli Görüs, “Brandan-
schlag auf muslimischen Schlachtbetrieb,” 26 November 2004, http://www.
igmg.de.
64. The name Milli Görüş refers to the political ideology created by the
Milli Nizam Partisi (National Order Party) in Turkey during the 1970s. Because
of its religious activities that threaten public order, political parties that are
associated with Milli Görüş ideology were banned by the constitutional court
in Turkey. Milli Görüş appeared as a diasporic network of Turkish Muslims
in Europe, specifically in Germany. However, it has a big disadvantage: it is
listed with the Bundesverfassungsschutz (the intelligence agency of Germany)
as a “threat” to German democracy. They are seen as part of political Islam,
which prevents immigrants from achieving full integration into German soci-
ety. See Werner Schiffauer, “Das Recht, anders zu sein,” Die Zeit, 18 November
2004. The report states that Milli Görüş pursues anti-integrative efforts, spe-
cifically on Islamic education of children. Moreover, the report provides many
examples from the statements of the Milli Görüş publications, specifically anti-
German and anti-Semitic statements in the Milli Gazete. The label of “threat”
to German democracy largely restricts Milli Görüş activities and campaigns
96 · Gökçe Yurdakul and Y. Michal Bodemann
and puts Milli Görüş members under suspicion. See also Bodemann, “Unter
Verdacht.”
65. Interview with M. Y., legal adviser to Milli Görüş, 27 July 2004.
66. Nevertheless, the anti-Turkish pogroms have resonated with Jews indi-
vidually. Bodemann reports such an incident where a young Jewish man was
severely shaken by the Mölln pogrom. Y. Michal Bodemann, A Jewish Family in
Germany Today: An Intimate Portrait (Durham: Duke University Press, 2005), 22.
67. See Navid Kermani, “Distanzierungszwang und Opferrolle,” Die Zeit, 18
November 2004.
68. In fact, Kermani’s observation is not totally true. There are a significant
number of Turkish engineers and economists who came to study in German
universities and have worked in German factories throughout the years; Nec-
mettin Erbakan, the founder of the Milli Görüş movement, is one of them. These
people may not be “intellectuals” in the sense that Kermani would like, but they
are considered technocrat intellectuals in Turkey. See Nilüfer Göle, Mühendisler
ve Ideoloji (Istanbul: Metis, 1986). Moreover, many Turkish intellectuals came
to Germany in the 1980s to run away from the military coup in Turkey. How-
ever, Kermani is right on one point. France and the United Kingdom had the
opportunity to establish schools in their colonies that educated the population
in French or English. Now they have intellectuals from their colonies who can
communicate perfectly in these languages. Since Germany did not have colo-
nies in this sense, they had fewer intellectuals.
69. See some research that has been done by Nancy Foner, “Immigrants and
African Americans: Comparative Perspectives on the New York Experience
across Time and Space,” in Host Societies and the Reception of Immigrants, ed. Jef-
frey G. Reitz (La Jolla: Lynne Rienner, 2003), 45–71; Hürriyet Daily Newspaper,
European ed., 2 October 2004; Türkischer Bund Berlin Brandenburg, Arbeitslo-
sigkeit bei Türken Statistik eigene Berechnungen (1997), http://www.tbb-berlin.de.
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