…..
R 1
R 2
R n
C
RC 1
RC 2
RC n
R 1
R 2
R n
…
RC i
R i
…
R 1
R 2
R n
…..
RC
RC = Robot Controller
R = Robot
C = Controller
1. Mast
er
robot
2. Mast
er
controller
3. Mast
er
ro
bot
cont
roller
Architectures
Timeline
Figure 2.8: Timeline of CIR architectures according to patents filed by commercial
manufacturers
2.5.2 System Features
A noteworthy observation, is that the patents reflect not a method to solve a generic
problem, but a method to solve a problem specific to the architecture and abstraction level
of the respective robot manufacturer. Moreover, some ideas are directly derived from issues
arising during the execution of specific tasks. Closer investigation of the patents reveal
stark similarities but nevertheless subtle di
fferences in implementation. These differences
allude to the variable terminology and notations underlying a specific system. Furthermore,
the ideas discussed mostly pertain to di
fferent architecture schemes for operations thereby
neglecting the extent of how the architecture influences the programming capabilities of
32
2.5 Cooperative manipulators: commercial systems
those systems. All in all, most commercial CIR systems employ the master
/slave principle
albeit in varying forms. Three basic CIR architectures could be deduced from the patents
(as illustrated in Figure 2.8).
• Master robot: The master is one of the robots but could exchange his master role
any time with one of the other slaves.
• Master controller: A dedicated master controller controls the robots through their
robot controllers.
• Master robot controller: A dedicated master robot controller directly controls
the robots. In this sense, the mechanical manipulators don’t need dedicated robot
controllers.
Based on the patent investigation in the latter section and the available information on
commercial CIR systems (as shown in Table 2.1), the predominantly common features in
most systems can be summarized as follows:
O
ff-line programming
Due to the complexity of a cooperative operation -whether it is loose cooperation or
tight cooperation- o
ff-line programming with a simulation environment remains the
method of choice for engineers. Software features such as emphasizing collision ar-
eas greatly simplify the planning of such operations (ABB-Group 2011)(KUKA GmbH
2011c)(YASKAWA Motoman Robotics 2011)(FANUC Robotics America Corporation
2011). Subsequently after the task has been defined and measures have been taken to
ensure collision-free and synchronized operation, code is automatically generated for
each respective robot. However, as already discussed in section 2.2.2, the discrepancies
between the virtual world and the real world render the generated code useless without
post-adaptation which is performed in an on-line manner directly on the factory floor. This
becomes more complicated when increasing the number of robots involved in a given
operation.
Data Coupling
The nature of the information exchanged between the robots and their respective controllers
defines the data coupling type. The most common is a geometrical coupling (Fortell
et al
. 2009) where all robots and their controllers receive instantaneous information about
the positions and velocities of the other robots in the wok-cell. In that event, deflections
occurring due to heavy loads on the TCP could be conveyed to the others in order to
adjust their trajectories accordingly (Stoddard et al. 2004). Another type of coupling is
the dynamic coupling. In this type the position data -including velocities- is extended to
include forces and torques on the TCP of each respective robot. Hence deflections and
irregularities can be conveyed to the other robots and eventually avoided in a controlled
manner. Unfortunately this type of coupling is rarely found in commercial CIR and is
usually implemented for research purposes.
33
2 Literature Review
CIR system
Control panel
Software
Robot
/Motor limit
KUKA RoboTeam
Shared Pendant
KUKA-ArcTech
15 (R
+M)
ABB MultiMove
FlexPendant
RobotStudio
4
/36 (R/M)
Motoman Multi-Robot
Teachbox
MotoSimEG
4
/36 (R/M)
FANUC i Series
iPendant
ROBOGUIDE
16 (R
+M)
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