Digital Minimalism

continuously distracted from your own mind. The farmer in Thoreau’s time might leave the
quiet fireside to walk to town and check the evening telegraph dispatches, fragmenting a
moment of solitude, but there was no way that this technology could offer continuous
distraction to this same farmer as he went about his day. The iPod was pushing us toward a
newly alienated phase in our relationship with our own minds.
This transformation started by the iPod, however, didn’t reach its full potential until the
release of its successor, the iPhone, or, more generally, the spread of modern internet-
connected smartphones in the second decade of the twenty-first century. Even though
iPods became ubiquitous, there were still moments in which it was either too much trouble
to slip in the earbuds (think: waiting to be called into a meeting), or it might be socially
awkward to do so (think: sitting bored during a slow hymn at a church service). The
smartphone provided a new technique to banish these remaining slivers of solitude: the
quick glance. At the slightest hint of boredom, you can now surreptitiously glance at any
number of apps or mobile-adapted websites that have been optimized to provide you an
immediate and satisfying dose of input from other minds.
It’s now possible to completely banish solitude from your life. Thoreau and Storr
worried about people enjoying less solitude. We must now wonder if people might forget
this state of being altogether.
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Part of what complicates discussions of waning solitude in the smartphone age is that it’s
easy to underestimate the severity of this phenomenon. While many people admit that they
use their phones more than they probably should, they often don’t realize the full
magnitude of this technology’s impact. The NYU professor Adam Alter, whom I introduced
earlier in this book, details a typical story of such underestimation in Irresistible. While
researching his book, Alter decided to measure his own smartphone use. To do so, he
downloaded an app called Moment, which tracks how often and how long you look at your
screen each day. Before activating the app, Alter estimated that he probably checks his
phone around ten times a day for a total of about an hour of screen time.

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A month later, Moment provided Alter the truth: on average, he was picking up his
phone forty times per day and spending around a total of three hours looking at his screen.
Surprised, Alter contacted Kevin Holesh, the app developer behind Moment. As Holesh
revealed, Alter is not an outlier. In fact, he’s remarkably typical: the average Moment user
spends right around three hours a day looking at their smartphone screen, with only 12
percent spending less than an hour. The average Moment user picks up their phone thirty-
nine times a day.
As Holesh reminds Alter, these numbers probably skew low, as the people who
download an app like Moment are people who are already careful about their phone use.
“There are millions of smartphone users who are oblivious or just don’t care enough to
track their usage,” Alter concludes. “There’s a reasonable chance they’re spending even
more than three hours on their phone each day.”
The smartphone usage numbers cited above only count the time spent looking at your
screen. When you add in time spent listening to music, audiobooks, and podcasts—none of
which are measured by the Moment app—it should become more clear how effective people
have become in banishing moments of solitude from their daily experience.
To simplify our discussion, let’s give this trend its own name: