Dictionary of islamic architecture

See also:
Afghanistan, Timurids
Further reading:
T.Allen, 
Timurid Herat,
Wiesbaden 1983.
H.Gaube, 
Iran ian Cities,
New York 1979, 31–64.
F.J.Hecker, ‘A fifteenth-century Chinese diplomat in
Herat’, 
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society,
3rd series 3 (1):
85–91, 1993.
hosh
The courtyard of a house in Egypt or, in Palestine,
used to describe houses built around a courtyard.
hujra
Small chamber or cell.
Hungary
The earliest recorded presence of Muslims in
Hungary is during the ninth century of Khazars.
Some of these converted to Christianity during the
reign of King Stephen in the tenth century although
many remained Muslim. Another Muslim (Turkic)
group known as the Pecheneg was also present from
the tenth century onwards. Many of these were
located on the western frontier of Hungary as a
defensive force for the Magyar kingdom. During the
thirteenth century the Pecheneg seem to have been
prosperous with large settlements the size of towns
but without walls as these were forbidden to Muslim
communities to prevent rebellion. By the end of the
fourteenth century most Pecheneg had been forced
to convert to Christianity although some remained
Muslim until the beginning of the sixteenth century.
Hungary

---

112
The Ottoman victory at the battle of Mohacs in
1526 renewed the Muslim presence in Hungary. For
the next 150 years, until its reconquest at the end of
the seventeenth century, Hungary was a province of
the Ottoman Empire. There are few buildings
remaining from the period of Turkish rule although
the reasons for this are unclear. One of the best-
known Ottoman monuments is the tomb of Gul Baba
in Buda erected between 1543 and 1548. The building
is an octagonal mausoleum with a shallow domed
roof covered in lead. There was once a mosque
associated with the tomb but this has now
disappeared. This tomb is now to be the centrepiece
of an Islamic cultural centre incorporating a mosque
and library.