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northern ones are predominantly Roman Catholic.
Filipino Muslims share much in common with their
Indonesian and Malaysian neighbours who first
introduced Islam to the Philippines. The first areas
to be converted to Islam were the islands of the Sulu
archipelago between the fourteenth and fifteenth
centuries. By the mid-sixteenth century Muslim
missionaries from Borneo were working on the
island of Luzon. However, earlier in 1522 the islands
were discovered by the Spanish who established
their first permanent settlement in 1565 and in 1571
founded the capital of Manila. There was some
conflict with the newly established Muslim
sultanates of Luzon but the Spanish won with their
superior firepower. Nevertheless, the south-
western part of the Philippines remained Muslim
despite constant attempts to defeat them by the
Spanish. The Muslims of the islands were given the
name Moros by the Spanish who associated them
with the Muslims of North Africa. Throughout the
seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
the Spanish tried unsuccessfully to conquer the
Moro people. When the Philippines passed into
American control in 1898 the Americans continued
the Spanish policy of trying to subdue the Muslims
of the south-west. In 1913 the Moros were finally
defeated by superior American arms and a peace
treaty was signed. The peace treaty was a success
as it allowed the Muslims complete control over
their own affairs and equality with the Catholic
Filipinos.
The earliest physical evidence of Islam in the
Philippines is a tombstone on the island of Jolo which
has been provisionally dated to 1310. Oral history
recounts how Islam was brought to the island of Jolo
by Tuan ul Makdum (later called Sharif Aulia) who
built ‘a house for religious worship’. Later, in 1380
he built another mosque at Tubig Indangan on
Simunul island south of Jolo. This mosque,
considerably altered, is now known as the oldest
mosque in the Philippines. A photograph of the
building taken in 1923 shows a square wooden
structure open on one side with remains of a two-
tier coconut-palm thatch roof. The mosque was
comprehensively rebuilt in the 1970s with concrete
walls and a two-tier tin roof.
Islam came to the island of Mindanao in the
fifteenth century and several mosques on the shores
of Lake Lanao may have been founded in this early
period, although no early remains seem to have
survived. One of the oldest mosques is the Taraka
Mosque in Lanao del Sur which is a square structure
with a three-tier tin roof and painted abstract
designs on the walls. Another early mosque is the
Ranggar in Karigongan which consists of a simple
square room with bamboo walls and a pyramid
roof. A later development is represented by the
insertion of an onion-shaped dome on an octagonal
drum in the centre of the roof also found in one of
the Lake Lanao mosques. This design reaches its
climax in one of the Lanao mosques where there is
a central onion dome flanked by four pagoda-like
minarets. It is generally assumed that the use of
domes reflects Indian influence via Malaysia and
Indonesia, although it may also be through Chinese
influence. After the Second World War, since
Filipinos have been able to travel to Mecca, a new
Middle-Eastern mosque style is noticeable in the
Philippines. One of the more notable examples is
the mosque of Jolo town on Jolo island which
consists of a large rectangular prayer hall with a
central dome and four flanking minarets. Probably
the most famous mosque in the Philippines is the
Quiapo Mosque in Manila which has an arcaded
court-yard containing a fountain and a domed
prayer hall.
Other examples of Islamic architecture in the
Maranao area include royal residences and
fortifications. Royal residences are known as
‘torogan’ and consist of raised platforms with tall
sloping roofs. Inside, a torogan consists of one room
with the king’s bed in the centre and a small bedroom
for the royal daughters. Sometimes the daughters’
room (known as a lamin) is located in a separate
room above the main roof of the torogan. Islamic
forts (kota) were used to resist the Spanish and later
American attempts to convert the Maranao Muslims
to Christianity. Kotas consist of earthworks
reinforced with wooden stakes.
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