Dictionary of islamic architecture

See also:
Bengal, Deccan, Delhi, Gujarat,
Mughals
Further reading:
P.Andrews, ‘The architecture and gardens of Islamic
India’, in 
The Arts of India,
ed. B.Gray, Oxford 1981, 95–
124.
P.Davies, 
The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India,
vol.
2: 
Islamic Rajput and European,
London 1989.
Z.A.Desai, 
Indo-Islamic Architecture,
2nd edn. New Delhi
1986.
S.Grover, 
The Architecture of India: Islamic,
New Delhi
1981.
R.Nath, 
Islamic Architecture and Culture in India,
Delhi
1982.
M.Shokoohy and N.H.Shokoohy, 
Hisar-i Firuza: Sultanate
and Early Mughal Architecture in the District of Hisar India,
Monographs on Art and Archaeology, London 1988.
M.Shokoohy, M.Bayani-Walpert and N.H.Shokoohy,
Bhadresvar: The Oldest Islamic Monuments in India,
Studies in Islamic Art and Architecture, Supplements to
Muqarnas vol. 2, Leiden 1988.
K.V.Soundara Rajan, 
Islam Builds in India: Cultural Study of
Islamic Architecture,
Delhi 1983.
F.Watson, 
A Concise History of India,
London 1979.
A.Welch and H.Crane, ‘The Tughluqs: master-builders of
the Delhi Sultanate’, 
Muqarnas
1:123–66, 1983.
A.Volwahsen, 
Living Architecture: Islamic Indian,
London
1970.
Indonesia
Large country in south-east Asia comprising an
archipelago of over 17,000 islands stretching for over 5,000
km along the equator. The country has a large population
of over 180 million of whom more than 80 per cent are
Muslim, making it the most populous country in the
Islamic world.
Islam reached separate parts of Indonesia at different
times; it arrived in Sumatra in the thirteenth century;
in the fourteenth century it was established in Java,
southern Celebes, northern Moluccas and southern
Borneo (Kalimantan). By the fifteenth century; it had
reached the smaller islands to the east of Bali (this
remained Hindu) including Lombok, Sumbawa and
the northern coast of Flores.
With the exception of the mosque at Demak
there are few examples of early mosques in
Indonesia because they were mostly wooden and
were replaced by brick or stone structures in the
nineteenth century. What the wooden mosques do
demonstrate is a continuity with the pre-Islamic
Hindu and Buddhist past and it seems likely that
for this reason they were later replaced with
buildings which look more traditionally Islamic.
The modern Islamic buildings of Indonesia often
have more in common with India and Europe than
with any indigenous Indonesian architecture.
Recently, however, there have been attempts to
revive traditional mosque forms by the ‘Amal Bakti
Muslim Pancasila’ foundation which builds
wooden mosques similar to the historical mosque
at Demak.
Indonesia

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Principal Islamic sites of south-east Asia and Indonesia
Indonesia

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