42 Oscillations Although a spokeydokey illustrates energy being stored and released it is
not a real relaxation oscillator. It is another example of a spinning object, since
the time at which the card returns is only determined by the angular veloc-
ity of the wheel. Some examples of proper relaxation oscillators are shown in
figure 4.3: a balloon with its neck held under light constriction, and a flashing
neon light. In both cases there is a source of energy. For the balloon, potential
energy is stored as elasticity in rubber forcing the air towards an exit point.
For the neon light, electrical energy is stored in a battery
E , giving an electric
potential. In each case there is a resistance constricting the flow of energy into
a point that has capacitance
C and a switch or release valve
L that empties
the capacitance when a threshold is reached. The width of the balloon neck is
smaller than the area of air forced towards it, so it behaves as a resistance, and
in the electrical circuit resistor
R behaves in a similar fashion limiting current
flow. The mouth of the balloon is held under tension so that enough force must
accumulate to push the lips apart. When this happens a short burst of air is
released which lowers the pressure in the neck temporarily. As air moves over
the lips its velocity increases and so the pressure falls even more (Bernoulli
principle), drawing the lips back together and sealing the balloon mouth. In
Electric potential E Capacitor C Resistor R Lamp L Resistance R Elastic pressure E Cavity C Lips L Relaxation oscillators Balloon Flashing neon light Figure 4.3 Example relaxation oscillators.
the case of the neon light electric charge flows through the resistor into the
capacitor which fills up. As it does, the voltage (potential difference) across
the neon tube increases. Once a certain potential is reached the gas becomes
conductive (by ionisation) and a spark jumps across, releasing some energy as
light. In both cases a momentary loss of energy changes the state of the system.
The event that caused energy release ceases and a reservoir of potential begins
to build up in the capacitance once again. This cycle of behaviour continues
until the potential energy in the air or battery has all been used up.