6.1 Perceiving Sounds 87 Perception of Harmonic and Inharmonic Spectra In earlier chapters we have learned that vibrating bodies can produce a spec-
trum that is harmonic, where every frequency has some simple integer rela-
tionship to the fundamental, or inharmonic, where the frequencies are related
in a more complex way with nonintegral intervals. Harmonic spectra are per-
ceived as “pure” or
consonant timbres, while inharmonic ones may be called
“rough” or
dissonant . Interestingly, a pure timbre does not require that the
harmonics line up perfectly with absolute integer values; rather it requires that
they form a steady (monotonic) progression. So, for example, the series 100Hz,
199Hz, 396
. 01Hz, and 788
. 06Hz sounds perfectly pure. Each overtone is almost
an octave, 1
. 99 times the previous one. Because a note consisting of nonintegral
harmonics isn’t dissonant it seems reasonable that absolute scales are not hard-
wired into the brain, but learned. On the other hand, 100Hz, 200Hz, 400Hz,
and 411Hz sounds rough and inharmonic even though the first three terms are
perfect octaves. The thing about the first example is that it sounds perfectly
pure until we try to play it in a scale, where it sounds wrong, while the lat-
ter seems intrinsically “rough” but is uniform and consistent when played in a
harmonic scale.
Consonance, Harmony, and Roughness The above phenomenon displays the principle of
local consonance , the rela-
tionship of a spectrum to shifted copies of itself. It is why certain instruments
sound better in certain scales. It also explains the complex relationship between
timbre and harmony that gives rise to the fascinating arts of orchestration and
arrangement in composition. While we are straying into musical territory it’s
also worth noting that harmony rules such as chordal consonance and disso-
nance fall out of this principle too. If the overtones of a note line up with those
of other notes in a scale then the timbre is harmonic in that scale. Helmholtz
explained consonance and dissonance in terms of beating. Close frequencies
that give rise to slow phase shifting produce an annoying sensation in the ear
where the beat frequency is above a few Hertz. Harmonics that line up pre-
cisely do not result in beating. More recent studies (Plomp and Levelt 1965)
seem to indicate that it is ambiguous stimulation of hair cells in the cochleas
critical bands that causes the unpleasant roughness, and a plot can be made of
the perceived dissonance between two sine waves. This dissonance curve shows
that the most roughness occurs with a separation of about a semitone (the
eleventh interval), or a quarter of a critical band width, 0
. 25
∗ 1Bark. Above
this dissonance falls (consonance increases) as the separation increases towards
the octave, but does not magically change at “special” intervals like the fifth.
Again, this reinforces that Western musical concepts are not perceptually innate
as some texts have claimed. As sound designers working on nonmusical work
we can still use this wisdom. Roughness as an unpleasant effect may be better
understood as the
doom tone . It is an interference rhythm composed of cycles
in the 4Hz to 8Hz range resulting from dangerous high-energy phenomenon like
stampeding animals and high speed wind. When it modulates higher frequency
components, the resulting critical band ambiguity leads to an unsettling effect.