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Birds
duration
tweet
Figure 51.7
Bird with table-based parameter control.
synths based loosely on this one and Hans Mikelson’s Csound implementation.
One of these includes an “autotweeter” that randomly generates birdcall-like
gestures. This would be ideal for virtual world creatures where we just want
to spawn some that will twitter away forever, making interesting noises with-
out further intervention. This example is more useful for making single sound
instances that you can record to use as samples.
Results
Source
. . . . . . . . . . .
<
http://mitpress.mit.edu/designingsound/
birds.html
>
Conclusions
Birds produce sound using a resonant cavity that works like a modulator. The
avian syrinx is a complex organ of muscles, membranes, and cartilage. Even
Conclusions
577
though we can mimic its spectral behaviour, making complex calls requires
intricate parameterisation of the synthetic model. Birdcall is a fascinating sub-
ject that has been studied for a long time and from many angles. We could
go much deeper into studying the calls of various song birds and the strange
sounds made by other species, but this is left to the reader’s imagination, fur-
ther research, and experimentation.
Exercises
Exercise 1
What effect do these sounds have on cats and other birds? Try extending the
bandwidth right up to the limits of the reproduction system, using a 96kHz
sample rate. Does this change the way other animals react to it? What does
this say about the human hearing range and the information carried in the
sound of real birdcall?
Exercise 2
There are thousands of birds recorded and documented. Pick one to study and
find out as much as you can about its habitat, calls, and behaviour. Model the
sound as closely as you can.
Exercise 3
How does the AM/FM syrinx model fail for non-oscine species? Can you obtain
a crow or duck quack? What more elaborate alternatives might be used for syn-
thesising these species? Use a noisy excitor or chaotic oscillator and a three-port
waveguide to create a seagull or duck call.
Exercise 4
How could you analyse, represent, and sequence real birdcalls? Try using a
pitch follower and FFT to translate some real calls into parameter lists for a
bird synthesiser in order to mimic real species.
Exercise 5
Listen to the exchanges between wood pigeons or owls. Create a pair of birds
that can call back and forth, making appropriate responses.
References
Beckers, G. J. L., Suthers, R. A., and Cate, C. (2003a). “Mechanisms of
frequency and amplitude modulation in ring dove song.”
J. Exp. Biol.
206:
1833–1843.
Beckers, G. J. L., Suthers, R. A., and Cate, C. (2003b). “Pure-tone birdsong
by resonant filtering of harmonic overtones.”
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
100:
7372–7376.
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