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54
Practical 31
Explosions
Aims
We investigate the different types and sounds of explosions. Many explosion
sound effects used in films and games are generic stock recordings with little
relation to the image they accompany. Often they are library elements rehashed
with new effects. Because the physics of explosion sounds is rather detailed we
can’t possibly cover all of it. Hopefully what can be achieved in this section
is to provide food for thought about the realism or feelings conveyed by an
explosion sound effect, including power, distance, duration, environment, and
secondary effects.
Analysis
An explosion is a sudden release of energy, usually but not always resulting in
a rapid change of air pressure and formation of a shock wave that travels faster
than the speed of sound. A wave of increased pressure called
overpressure
moves
away from the source of explosion. This may be followed by a negative inrush
of air in reaction to the initial blast, sometimes with more damaging results.
A fast shockwave gives an explosion a shattering effect or
brisance
, whereas
slower explosions are
propellants
that gradually push things out of the way.
A typical overpressure curve is shown in figure 54.1. In the first phase the air
pressure builds very rapidly. With a supersonic shockwave this line is almost
vertical. Next it decays at a slower rate, then overshoots to becomes nega-
tive, creating a “blast wind” that can pull out windows or demolish structures
weakened by the first shockwave. Further pressure changes may occur as the
air stabilises back to atmospheric pressure again.
Rupture
Not all explosions require explosives. Any compressible fluid under high pres-
sure can cause an explosion if its container fails. Boiler explosions or failure
of compressed gas cylinders can have devastating effects. This usually starts
with a small leak around a point of weakness, which leads to a chain reaction
known as the “fluid hammer effect” that fractures the container. It’s worth
noting that not all explosions release heat. Rapidly sublimating carbon dioxide
can be used as a safety explosive in mining; the net effect of the explosion is to
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