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522
Fans
Conclusions
An irregular rotating object creates turbulence if it moves fast enough, and
because fan blades move fast they compress and rarify the air. Depending on
the listener’s position a Doppler effect may be observed that modulates the
turbulent sound.
Exercises
Exercise 1
Experiment with the idea that as the number of blades becomes large and the
gaps between them diminish the sound tends to become smoother and quieter.
Exercise 2
By synchronous coupling, add a variation on the earlier engine to a powerful-
sounding fan model to obtain a propeller plane effect. Place it into an envi-
ronment such that a fly-by effect incorporates the changing observation of the
propeller angle. Add some overall Doppler movement to finish off the effect.
47
Practical 24
Jet Engine
Aims
In this practical we will produce the sound of a jet plane. Specifically, we focus
on production of a single engine of the turbofan type found in small commercial
aircraft. Jet engines found in military fighter jets share much in common with
this design, but to simplify the analysis we will concentrate only on the broad
characteristics of a simple engine design. You can extrapolate from this design
to add details for more specialised examples.
Analysis
Operation
A turbine is a shaft fitted with several propellers with a large number of blades.
It is spun to draw air into a cavity that is tapered so that the air is com-
pressed and moving very fast. It enters a combustion chamber where it is mixed
with vapourised kerosene or propane and the mixture is ignited with a spark.
Expanding combustion products (mostly carbon dioxide and water vapour)
increases the pressure further as it exits through the exhaust and provides
thrust. During the exhaust stage it drives a second turbine, which is connected
to a large fan at the front of the engine. This draws cool air around the outside
of the turbine and mixes it into the exhaust stream. Once ignited the process
is self-perpetuating and continuous so long as fuel is supplied. The combus-
tion actually happens over the surface of a “can” which behaves like a wick
and Davey lamp shield to prevent the flame going out (flameout). This means
that flames don’t actually come out the exhaust. Where you see planes with
flaming exhausts this is fuel deliberately burned in an extra stage called
after-
burn
, which gives some extra thrust. A central shaft is shown in figure 47.1,
but this comprises two or more concentric shafts. In other words, the turbo fan,
compression blades, and exhaust turbine are not necessarily in synchronisation.
This allows careful control of the pressure at various stages, which stops engine
flameout or overheating.
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