T1
and
T2
, each of which changes the state of the other; thus the circuit flip-flops
between two states. A transistor switches on once the voltage on a capaci-
tor rises above a certain threshold. When switched on, the transistor allows
a current to flow through a resistor onto another capacitor that will eventu-
ally cause the second transistor to switch on. When this happens the second
358
Police
Coil
Horn cavity
Diaphragm
Plastic housing
Figure 28.4
Siren transducer and horn.
transistor drains current from the first capacitor and causes the first transistor
to switch off.
So, the circuit alternates between two states, one in which transistor
T1
is
switched on and
T2
off, and another where transistor
T2
is on while
T1
is off.
The voltage, which corresponds to the output waveform, is shown at a point
in the circuit where
C2
connects to
R2
. It follows the recognisable charge and
discharge cycle of a capacitor. This diagram shows only one oscillator. A com-
plete siren circuit uses two of these oscillators, one for the low-frequency sweep
and one to produce the audio waveform. Given the values of each electronic
component we could work from the circuit schematic to determine the exact
oscillation frequency, but that’s unnecessary since we can tell it well enough by
listening. Notice the same wave shape seen in the spectrogram frequency plot.
This is the LFO rising and falling.
Horn
In order to produce an acoustic wave from an electrical signal a device sim-
ilar to that in figure 28.4 uses a coil to create a magnetic field which moves
a ferromagnetic diaphragm. The diaphragm is mounted so that it has a lim-
ited movement and can flex inwards and outwards. In many ways it’s similar
to a loudspeaker, but is optimised for power output rather than sound quality.
Unlike a high-quality loudspeaker, the movement of the diaphragm is not linear
with respect to the applied force, so some distortion is introduced.
The main function of the horn is to act as an acoustic amplifier, but it also
adds some directionality to the sound. If it is taken to be approximately con-
ical it behaves like an open tube, favouring odd and even harmonics equally.
But the horn does not behave as a perfect acoustic amplifier. Far from it. Its
material has a resonance and its geometric construction is quite like that of a
bell. In some regards we should also treat it as a fairly well-damped plastic bell
driven by the signal it is trying to amplify. Of course this introduces further
distortion and colouring to the sound.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |