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Preposition
T h e car w e n t r o u n d t h e
c o r n e r .
Verb
T h e y a c h t w i l l r o u n d t h e
b u o y s o o n .
Adverb
We w a l k e d r o u n d t o t h e
s h o p
Noun
It 's y o u r r o u n d . I'l l h a v e a
w h i s k e y .
A DUSTBIN CLASS?
Sev er al o f t h e t r a d i t i o n a l
p a r t s o f s p e e c h l a c k e d t h e
c o h e r e n c e r e q u i r e d o f a
w e l l - d e f i n e d w o r d
cl ass - n o t a b l y , t h e a d v e r b .
So m e h a v e l i k e n e d t h i s cl ass
t o a d u s t b i n , i n t o w h i c h
g r a m m a r i a n s w o u l d p l a c e
a n y w o r d w h o s e g r a m m a t i -
cal s t a t u s w a s u n c l e a r .
Ce r t a i n l y , t h e f o l l o w i n g
w o r d s h a v e v e r y l i t t l e
s t r u c t u r a l l y i n c o m m o n , y e t
al l h a v e b e e n l a b e l l e d
' a d v e r b ' i n t r a d i t i o n a l
g r a m m a r s :
tomorrow
very
no
however
quickly
when
not
just
t he
The,
a n a d v e r b ? In su ch
c o n t e x t s as
The more t he
merrier.
NOUN TENSES?
So m e l a n g u a g e s f o r m a l l y m a r k t h e e x p r e s s i o n o f t i m e r e l a -
t i o n s o n w o r d cl asses o t h e r t h a n t h e v e r b . In Ja p a n e s e ,
a d j e c t i v e s c an b e m a r k e d i n t h i s w a y , e . g .
shiroi
' w h i t e ' ,
shirokatta
' w a s w h i t e ' ,
shirokute
' b e i n g w h i t e ' , et c . In
Po t o w a t o m i , t h e s a m e e n d i n g t h a t ex p r esses p as t t i m e o n
v e r b s c an b e u s e d o n n o u n s
/ n k asat es/
/ n k s s a t s s p s n /
/ n o sY
/ n o sp - sn /
/ n c i m a n /
/ n c i m a n p s n /
I a m h a p p y
I w a s o n c e h a p p y
m y f a t h e r
m y d e a d f a t h e r
m y c a n o e
m y f o r m e r c a n o e (l o s t , s t o l e n )
( A f t e r C. F. H o c k e t t , 1 9 5 8 , p . 2 3 8 . )
FIVE M OOD S
A r a n g e o f a t t i t u d e s c an b e e x p r e s s e d b y t h e m o o d s y s t em
o f t h e v e r b . In Fo x , o n e m o o d ex p r es s es t h e m e a n i n g ' Go d
f o r b i d t h a t t h i s s h o u l d h a p p e n ! ' ; a n o t h e r , ' Wh a t i f i t d i d
h a p p e n ! W h a t d o I c a r e ! ' In M e n o m i n i , t h e r e is a f i v e - t e r m
m o o d s y s t e m :
/ p i - w/
h e c o m e s / is c o m i n g / c a m e
/ p i - w en /
h e is s ai d t o b e c o m i n g / i t is s ai d t h a t h e c a m e
/ pi- ?/
is h e c o m i n g / d i d h e c o m e ?
/ p i as ah /
so h e
is
c o m i n g a f t e r a l l !
/ p i a p a h /
b u t h e w a s g o i n g t o c o m e ! ( a n d n o w i t t u r n s
o u t h e is n o t )
( A f t e r C. F. H o c k e t t , 1 9 5 8 , p . 2 3 7 . )
DUAL A N D TRIAL NUMBER
Fo u r n u m b e r s a r e f o u n d i n t h e l a n g u a g e s p o k e n o n
A n e i t y u m I s l an d ( M e l a n e s i a ) : s i n g u l a r , d u a l , t r i a l , p l u r a l .
T h e f o r m s a r e s h o w n f o r 1 st a n d 2 n d p e r s o n : / h / is a p a l a t a l
n a s a l ;
l\ l
is a p a l a t a l a f f r i c a t e o r s t o p ; ex c l . / i n c l . =
e x c l u s i v e / i n c l u s i v e o f s p e a k e r :
/ ah ak /
/ ak aj a/
/ aj am a/
/ a k a j a u /
/ a j a m r a u /
/ a k a t a j /
/ a j a m t a j /
/ ae k , aak /
/ a j o u r a u /
/ a j o u t a j /
/ a j o w a /
I
w e (i n c l . )
w e (ex cl . )
w e t w o (i n cl . )
w e t w o (ex cl . )
w e t h r e e (i n c l )
w e t h r e e (ex cl . )
y o u
y o u t w o
y o u t h r e e
y o u (p i . )
A FOURTH PERSON
A f o u r t h - p e r s o n c o n t r a s t is m a d e i n t h e A l g o n q u i a n
l a n g u a g e s , r e f e r r i n g t o n o n - i d e n t i c a l a n i m a t e t h i r d p er s o n s
i n a p a r t i c u l a r c o n t e x t . In Cr ee, i f w e s p e a k o f a m a n , a n d
t h e n ( s e c o n d a r i l y ) o f a n o t h e r m a n , t h e f o r m s a r e d i f f e r e n t :
/ ' n a : p e : w / v s / ' n a : p e w a / . T h i s f o u r t h p e r s o n f o r m is u s u a l l y
r e f e r r e d t o as t h e ' o b v i a t i v e ' .
( A f t e r L. Bl o o m f i e l d , 1 9 3 3 , p . 2 5 7 . )
FIFTEEN CASES
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
