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A broader range of figures was investigated and only the central data collection archive of the Länder finance ministries / Zentrale Datenstelle der Landesfinanzminister could provide some additional data on the distribution of Federal state aid among the Länder (see below). Furthermore the European Commission, DG Competition nevertheless provides data on state aid cases registered by the Commission (http://europa.eu.int/comm/competition/ state_aid/register/State Aid Register). Moreover, data on Commission Decisions on Germany, Regions/provinces, by aid instrument and by sector/activity, including aid intensity and amount can be downloaded at: http://europa.eu.int/comm/competition/state_aid/ register/ii/by_region_3.html.
State aid in Germany is divided between the different state levels, thus the national level as well as the Länder level can grant state aid from their own budgets. The figures presented below represent only the Federal share in state aid and thus vary from the Commission data, which represent the entire state aid of all state levels.
“Legal basis and definition of „subsidies“
The subsidies concept of the Federal Government concentrates, as specified by law, on aid from the Federal Budget to private enterprises and economic sectors. Section 12 of the Law to promote economic stability and growth (StWG) expressly refers to aid provided by the government to enterprises and economic sectors for adjustment, support and for increasing productivity. Account is also taken of other aid which in key sectors of the economy reduces the cost of specific goods and services to private households which can at the same time be directly assigned to the sphere of economic activity; this relates predominantly to aid for housing construction. … Allocations, grants, capital increases in federal undertakings and Federal Government guarantees are not included.. . In accordance with its specific mandate the subsidies report reflects only those aspects of government activity that have a direct and indirect impact on the economy. ... Due to the fact that there are many concepts under which to define the term subsidy, at international level subsidies are looked at under aspects which differ from those considered in the subsidies report of the Federal Government. In April 2000 the EU Commission submitted its eighth subsidies report, which lists national aids of EU countries in the areas of manufacturing, agriculture, fisheries, coal, transport, financial services, training, tourism, media and culture. The reduction of subsidies in EU countries in the years 1996 to 1998 was largely characterised by declining aids in Germany and Italy.”666 “The total volume of subsidies in Germany [incl. aid provided by the Länder as well as market organisation spending of the European Union and the ERP financial aid] decreased from € 58.1 bn in 1999 to € 57.8 bn in 2001. The decrease is mainly attributable to lower financial aid by the Federal Government (by € 1.4 bn) and lower ERP financial aid (by € 0.4 bn).”667
The overall reduction of German national subsidies is in line with the multi-annual plan of the Federal Government according to which financial aids from 1999 to 2005 will decline from € 10.9 bn to € 6.5 bn. Vis-à-vis 2001 this indicates a reduction by ca. 31.6 %. State aid is cut in the mining sector (decline from € 4.3 bn in 1999 to € 2.2 bn in 2005) and in the housing sector (decline from € 2 bn in 1999 to € 912 million in 2005). Federal tax policy will ensure Federal tax relief measures (which are another instrument of financial support for the regional development besides direct state aid) becoming increasingly less attractive beyond 2005.668
The most important beneficiary of state aid is the industry (including mining) with 9.9 bn € in 2002 (46% of total state aid and Federal tax relieves). Nevertheless, also here the general trend of reduction of state aid (around 322 mio € since 1999) can be witnessed.
Most important institutions and agencies that are involved in granting state aid are:
-
Arbeitsgemeinschaft industrieller Forschungsvereinigungen "Otto von Guericke" e.V. (AiF)
-
Ausstellungs- und Messe-Ausschuss der Deutschen Wirtschaft e.V. (AUMA) Bundesagentur für Außenwirtschaft (bfai)
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BINE Informationsdienst
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Bundesamt für Wirtschaft und Ausfuhrkontrolle (BAFA)
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Bundesanstalt für Arbeit (BA)
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Bundesinstitut für Berufsbildung (BIBB)
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Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF)
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Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Bau- und Wohnungswesen (BMVBW)
-
Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Arbeit (BMWA)
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Bundesverband Deutscher Kapitalbeteiligungsgesellschaften e.V.
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Deutsche Ausgleichsbank (DtA)
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Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt (DBU)
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DEG - Deutsche Investitions- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH
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Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V.
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Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e.V. (FNR)
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Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH - Projektträger Jülich (PTJ)
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Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH Fraunhofer Services GmbH
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Gesellschaft für Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) mbH
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gbb Beteiligungs-AG
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GSF-Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit GmbH
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HERMES Kreditversicherungs-AG
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Institut der deutschen Wirtschaft Köln (IW)
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iXPOS - Das Außenwirtschaftsportal
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Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW)
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Mittelstandsbank
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Netzwerk elektronischer Geschäftsverkehr
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Stiftung für wirtschaftliche Entwicklung und berufliche Qualifizierung (SEQUA) TÜV Akademie Rheinland GmbH - Projektträger Mobilität und Verkehr, Bauen und Wohnen (PT MVBW)
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tbg Technologie-Beteiligungs-Gesellschaft
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VDI/VDE-Technologiezentrum Informationstechnik GmbH
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VDI-Technologiezentrum Physikalische Technologien
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Verband der Bürgschaftsbanken e.V.
Development of State aid of the Federal Government from 1999 to 2002 (mio €)669
Designation
|
1999
|
2000
|
2001
|
2002
|
1. Consumer protection, food and agriculture
|
1.827
|
1.754
|
1.510
|
1.347
|
2. Trade and industry
(without transport)
2.1. Mining including sales and set-aside
subsidies for the hardcoal industry
2.2. Efficient use of energy and
renewable energy sources
2.3. Technology and innovation
subsidies
2.4. Aid for specific sectors of
industry
2.5. Regional structural
measures
2.6. Trade and industry
in general
|
4.308
3.894
38
419
134
999
647
|
3.972
3.712
67
394
139
896
467
|
3.696
3.380
181
416
219
812
283
|
3.050
2.929
123
398
192
700
267
|
3. Traffic
|
16
|
4
|
6
|
36
|
4. Housing
|
2.081
|
1.922
|
1.908
|
1.605
|
5. Savings incentives and asset formation
|
423
|
451
|
511
|
500
|
Total
|
10.892
|
10.065
|
9.542
|
8.219
|
Total volume of state aid by Federal Government, Länder und local authorities (bn €)670
|
1970
|
1975
|
1980
|
1985
|
1990
|
1995
|
1996
|
1997
|
1998
|
1999
|
2000
|
2001
|
Federal Government
|
4,0
|
5,2
|
6,4
|
6,1
|
7,3
|
9,4
|
12,4
|
11,7
|
11,4
|
10,9
|
10,1
|
9,5
|
Länder
|
3,0
|
3,7
|
6,2
|
6,2
|
7,2
|
10,7
|
10,9
|
11,7
|
11,0
|
11,3
|
11,2
|
11,2
|
Local authorities
|
0,5
|
0,5
|
0,5
|
0,5
|
1,1
|
1,5
|
1,6
|
1,7
|
1,6
|
1,6
|
1,6
|
1,6
|
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