Dars #1 Ingliz tilida zamon tushunchasi

Dars #1 Ingliz tilida zamon tushunchasi
🔸Dunyodagi deyarli barcha tillarda zamon kategoriyasi mavjud.
🔸Ingliz tilida zamon tushunchasi “tense” atamasi bilan ifodalanadi.
🔸Macmillian English Dictionary for Advanced Learners lug'atida zamon quyidagicha izohlangan:

▪️tense – a form of verb used for showing when something happens. For example, ‘I goʻ is the present tense and ‘I went’ is the past tense.

ℹ️Ya'ni, zamon- bu biror ish-harakatning qachon sodir boʻlganligini koʻrsatadigan fe’l shaklidir, Masalan “Men boraman” - bu hozirgi zamon, “Men bordim” esa oʻtgan zamondir.
💡Demak, zamon ish-harakatning qachon bajaril(ayot)ganligi nazarda tutadi.

▶️Xulosa: Ish-harakat qachon bajarilayotganligi yoki bajarilganligiga qarab oʻzimizga kerak boʻlgan grammatik qoliplarni (zamonlar shakli) tanlaymiz.

💡Ingliz tilida zamonlar 4 ta katta guruhga boʻlinib oʻrganiladi:

1️⃣Present Tenses: (Hozirgi zamonlar guruhi):
🔸Present Continuous Tense
🔸Present Simple Tense
🔸Present Perfect Tense
🔸Present Perfect Continuous Tense

2️⃣Past Tenses (Oʻtgan zamonlar guruhi):

🔸Past Continuous Tense
🔸Past Simple Tense
🔸Past Perfect Tense
🔸Past Perfect Continuous Tense

3️⃣Future Tenses (Kelasi zamonlar guruhi):

🔸Future Continuous Tense
🔸Future Simple Tense
🔸Future Perfect Tense
🔸Future Perfect Continuous Tense

4️⃣Future in the Past Tenses (Oʻtgan kelasi zamonlar guruhi)

🔸Future Continuous in the Past Tense
🔸Future Simple in the Past Tense
🔸Future Perfect in the Past Tense
🔸Future Perfect Continuous in the Past Tense

💡E’tibor bergan boʻlsangiz, har bir zamon guruhidagi zamonlarda harakatning qay tarzda bajarilishini ifodalashda umumiylik mavjud:

▪️continuous – davomiy zamonlarda ish-harakatning davomiyligi ta'kidlanadi.

🔸I am working – Men ishlayapman. (Present continuous)
🔸I was working - Men ishlayotgan edim. (Past continuous)
🔸I will be working - Men ishlayotgan bo'laman. (Future continuous)

▪️simple- oddiy zamonlarda ish-harakatning sodir boʻlishi yoki boʻlganligi ta'kidlanadi.

🔸I work every day– Men har kuni ishlayman. (Present simple)
🔸I worked yesterday - Men kecha ishladim.(Past simple)
🔸I will work tomorrow - Men ertaga ishlayman. (Future simple)

▪️perfect – tugallangan oddiy zamonlarda ish-harakatning tugallanganligi va natijasi mavjudligi ta'kidlanadi.

🔸I have finished the book – Men kitobni tugatdim. (Present perfect)
🔸I had finished the book - Men kitobni tugatgan edim.(Past perfect)
🔸I will have finished the book - Men kitobni tugatgan bo'laman. (Future perfect)

▪️perfect continuous – tugallangan davomiy zamonlarda ish-harakatning qancha muddat davom etganligi ta'kidlanadi.

🔸I have been working for four hours – Men toʻrt soatdan beri ishlayapman.(Present perfect continuous)
🔸I had been working for four hours – Men toʻrt soatdan beri ishlayotgan edim. (Past perfect continuous)
🔸I will have been working for four hours – Men toʻrt soatdan beri ishlayayotgan bo'laman.(Future perfect continuous)
Preposition of place

🔶On - … ustida

🔸on the ground – yerda, yer ustida

🔶In - … ichida

🔸in the bag – sumka ichida

🔶At - … yonida

🔸at the blackboard

🔶In front of - …oldida

🔸in front of the house – uy oldida

🔶Across - .. orqali

🔸across the bridge – ko’prik orqali

🔶Under -… tagida

🔸under the table – stol tagida

🔶Near - .. yaqinida

🔸near the market – bozor yaqinida

🔶Between -… o’rtasida

🔸between the two doors – ikki eshik orasida

🔶Among - .. orasida

🔸among the people – odamlar orasida

🔶Next to - .. bilan yonma-yon

🔸next to me – men bilan yonma-yon

🔶Opposite -.. qarshisida

🔸opposite the shop – do’kon qarshisida

🔶Behind - .. orqasida

🔸behind the door – eshik orqasida

🔷𝗜𝗳 𝗱𝗼 𝘆𝗼𝘂 𝗹𝗶𝗸𝗲 𝗼𝘂𝗿 𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗲𝗹, 𝘆𝗼𝘂 𝗺𝗮𝘆 𝗶𝗻𝘃𝗶𝘁𝗲 𝘆𝗼𝘂𝗿 𝗳𝗿𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗱𝘀 𝗯𝘆 𝘁𝗵𝗶𝘀 𝗱𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻

Dars #7 Present Continuous va Present Simple Tense qo'llanishidagi o'ziga xosliklar

📌Mazkur dars umuman olganda barcha oddiy va davomiy zamonlarga taalluqli bo'lib, ularda ba'zi fe'llarning qo'llanishiga bag'ishlanadi.

▪️Mazkur ikkala zamonda fe’llarni holat va harakat fe’llariga ajratib olish juda muhim.
▪️Harakat fe’llari, oʻz nomi bilan koʻrsatilganidek, biron harakatni ifodalashda qoʻllanadigan fe’llardir (to play/to read/to run..).
▪️Holat fe’llari esa his-tuyg’uni, fikrni yoki biror holatni tasvirlashda ishlatiladigan fe’llar (to feel/to love/to want/to think…) hisoblanadi.

💡Harakat fe’llari ingliz tilida - 'dynamic verbs', holat fe’llari esa - 'stative verbs' deb yuritiladi.

▪️Umumiy qoidaga koʻra harakat fe’llari barcha zamonlarda (davomiy va oddiy) zamonlarda qoʻllanishi mumkin.

🔸Tom is playing football in the yard now. (oʻynayapdi… davomiy)
🔸Tom plays football in the yard every evening. (oʻynaydi… oddiy)

▪️Holat fe’llari esa faqatgina oddiy yoki oddiy tugallangan (simple yoki simple perfect) zamonlarda qoʻllana oladi.

🔸I know that you are wrong. (Men bilamanki, siz nohaqsiz.…oddiy zamonda)
🔸He loves flowers. (U gullarni sevadi…oddiy zamonda)
Present continuous"

Ishlatilishi;

1⃣ Hozirning o'zida davom etayotgan ish harakatlarga nisbatan ishlatiladi.

I am speaking now.

2⃣ Gapirilayotgan vaqt atrofidagi Ish harakatlarga nisbatan ishlatiladi.

A) What are you doing now?

B) l am writing an essay at the moment.
3⃣ Juda ko'p sodir bo'ladigon yoki odamni asabini buzadigon ish harakatlarga nisbatan ishlatiladi.
Bunday holatda always, constantly, forever... kabi payt ravishlari present continuous bilan ishlatiladi.

I am always losing my money.

4⃣ Kelasi yaqin zamonda sodir bo'ladigon ish harakatlarga nisbatan ishlatiladi. (odatda vaqti va payti ko'rsatiladi).

I am building a new house next year.

5⃣ Vaqtinchalik Ish harakatlarga nisbatan ishlatiladi. Bunday holatlarda aniq vaqti ko'rsatiladi.

I am working for the company until the end of the month.

6⃣ Rivojlanayotgan yoki o'zgarib turadigon ish harakatlarga nisbatan ishlatiladi.

I am learning English.

Bugungi darsimizda oddiy hozirgi zamon va hozirgi davomiy zamonlarning farqlarini ko'rib chiqamiz.

✳️ We use the present simple for permanent or habitual actions.

We use the present continuous for actions happening now.

✳️ Biz present simpleni(oddiy hozirgi zamonni) o'zgarmas narsalar ( masalan quyosh sharqdan chiqishi, suv 100°da qaynashi [ avvalgi darslarda "mutlaq haqiqat bo'lgan gaplarda deb berib o'tilgan"] ) va odat tusiga kirib qolgan narsalar uchun ishlatamiz.

✳️ Present continuousni esa hozir sodir bo'layotgan ish-harakatlar uchun ishlatamiz.

✳️ Present simplening kalit so'zlari: (ya'ni shu so'zlar qatnashgan gaplarda present simpledan foydalanishingiz kerak)

🔸 Usually -- odatda, ko'pincha

🔸 Always -- har doim
🔸 Every morning/ afternoon/ evening/day/week/month/year -- har tong/tush/kech/kun/hafta/oy/yil
🔸 On Mondays/Fridays -- Dushanba/ Juma kunlari
🔸 At weekends -- dam olish kunlari

✳️ Present continuousning kalit so'zlari:

🔸 Now-- hozir

🔸 At the moment -- ayni damda
🔸 Right now -- ayni damda
🔸 Today -- bugun
Quyidagi misollar orqali ajratib olishingiz mumkin:

🔸 I go to school every day. -- Men har kuni maktabga boraman. ( Present simple)

🔹 I am going to school now -- Men hozir maktabga boryabman

🔸 She usually has dinner at 8 p.m -- U odatda soat 8 da kechki ovqatini yeydi.

🔹 She is having dinner right now. -- u ayni damda kechki ovqatini yeyabdi.

🔸 She goes swimming at the weekends -- u dam olish kunlari suzishga boradi.

🔹 She is going swimming at the moment -- u hozir suzishga ketyabdi.

🔸 He writes a letter to his parents every day. -- u ota onasiga har kuni xat yozadi.

🔹 He is writing a letter to his parents now -- u hozir ota onasiga xat yozyabdi.

Bugungi mavzu shulardan iborat edi. Quyida bir necha mashqlar tashlanadi xohlasangiz bajarib tashlang javoblaringiz tekshiriladi.

📖Dars #3 Present Continuous zamonining qoʻllanish holatlari:

1️⃣Ayni paytda sodir bo'layotgan ish-harakatni ifodalash uchun qo'llaniladi.

▪️Ish-harakat soʻzlovchi nutqi davomida sodir boʻlayotgan va tugallanmagan bo'lishi lozim, asosan atrofimizda sodir bo'layotgan voqea-hodisalarni tasvirlash uchun qoʻllaniladi.
🔸Look! The dog is running after the child. (Qarang! It bolakayning orqasidan quvlayapdi.)
🔸Take away the crib! The teacher is looking at you.
🔸Listen! The way he is singing is quite wrong.

2️⃣Ba'zan ish-harakat ayni paytda sodir bo'lmayotgan, lekin boshlangan va hali tugallanmagan boʻlishimi mumkin.

▪️Misol uchun quyidagi vaziyatni koʻrib chiqamiz:
🔸Tom and Ann are sitting in a café. Tom is drinking coffee (Birinchi qoida bo'yicha).
▫️Ann: What are you doing these days, Tom?
▫️Tom: You know, I am preparing for my exams.
❗️Yuqoridagi misolda, Tom kafeda oʻtirib, kofe ichayotgan boʻlsa ham, ayni kunlarda imtihonlarga tayyorgarlik koʻrayotganini aytmoqda. Bu yerda Tomning imtihonlarga tayyorgarlik koʻrayotganligi boshlanib, hali davom etayotgan va tugallanmagan ish-harakat sifatida ifodalangan.
▪️Yana misollar:
🔸I am learning English nowadays.
🔸What is Tom doing for living?

3️⃣Vaqtinchalik, faqatgina ma’lum bir muddat sodir boʻlib turgan ish-harakatlar uchun ham hozirgi zamon davomiy fe’li qoʻllaniladi.

🔸I usually go to work by bus, but this week I am going by taxi. (Men odatda ishga avtobusda ketaman, lekin bu hafta taksida boryapman.)
🔸Tom is living with his friends until he finds a flat. (Tom kvartira topgunicha do’stlari bilan yashayapti.)

4️⃣Vaqt oʻtgan sayin oʻzgarib borayotgan ish-harakatlar uchun ham hozirgi davomiy zamon fe’li qoʻllaniladi.

▪️Quyidagi fe'llar odatda mazkur qoida boʻyicha qoʻllaniladi.
▫️get ▫️change ▫️become ▫️increase ▫️rise ▫️fall ▫️grow ▫️begin ▫️start ▫️improve
🔸The population of the world is rising very fast. (Dunyo aholisi juda tez oshib bormoqda.)
🔸Is your English getting better?
🔸The number of people without jobs is increasing.

5️⃣Hozirgi zamon davom fe’li odatda quyidagi payt ravishlari bilan qoʻllaniladi:

▫️now ▫️today ▫️this month ▫️still
▫️at the moment▫️ this week ▫️this season ▫️for the time being ▫️nowadays ▫️these days ▫️day after day
🔸We are still waiting for the train.
🔸Tom is having a bath at the moment.
🔸I am meeting a lot of people today.
🔸We are learning Japanese this year.