Dan keyin: Note

Moreover/furthermore/what’s more/in addition /additionally – bundan tashqari

Otherwise/or (else) - aks holda

Therefore/that’s why/which is why – o’sha uchun

Nevertheless/nonetheless – shunga qaramay

Consequently/as a result/thus/accordingly – natijada

Even so – hatto shundayam

Fortunately – haliyam/yaxshiyam/xayriyat

Unlike – dan farqli o’laroq (kirish birikma hosil qiladi)

Correspondingly/accordingly – shunga mos tarzda(/natijada)

For that matter – bu yerda (tarjimasi) yo’q

Note: therefore/thus/thereby dan keyin ega-kesim bo’lmasa – shu orqali/shunday qilib

2. Ba’zi –ly qo’shimchali ravishlar kirish so’z bo’lganda alohida tarjimaga ega va tarjimasi lug’atlarda beriladi. Lug’atda tarjimasi keltirilmaganlarini esa tarafi/tomoni/jihati so’zlaridan birini qo’shib tarjima qilish mumkin: interestingly

Bog’lovchi bo’yicha test yechish qoidalari

Bog’lovchi bo’yicha test tushganda quyidagi 12 yo’nalish, shu ketma-ketlikda hisobga olinishi kerak:

1. …dan keyin kesim turgan bo’lsa, ega bo’ladigan bog’lovchi kerak. Bular who(ever) (hamma ergash gapda), which/that (faqat aniqlovchi ergash gapda), what(ever) (ega,kesim,to’ldiruvchi ergash gapda). Bulardan boshqa bog’lovchilar ega bo’la olmaydi.

LEKIN: ba’zan …dan oldin of predlogi va undan oldin biror miqdor bildiruvchi so’z kelsa, bu holda ega emas, predlogdan keyin bo’lgani uchun whom yoki which ishlatish kerak bo’ladi

2. … dan keyin ot turgan bo’lsa (ba’zan o’sha otning sifatli aniqlovchisi ham bo’ladi, chalg’itish uchun), aniqlovchi bo’ladigan bog’lovchi kerak. Bular whose (hamma ergash gaplarda), which(ever),what(ever) (ega,kesim,to’ldiruvchi ergash gapda), how(ever) (ega,kesim,to’ldiruvchi ergash gapda faqat sifat,sifatdosh,ravishga aniqlovchi bo’ladi).

3. … dan keyin ega-kesim bo’lsa quyidagi bog’lovchilarni ishlatish mumkin emas, va aksincha ega-kesim bo’lmasa shu bog’lovchilardan birini ishlatish shart. Bular because of (+N/ger/Pro), despite (+N/Pro/ger), in spite of (+N/Pro/ger), in order to (+inf), so as (+to inf), so … as (+to inf)

4. … dan keyin will/would (ya’ni future va future in past) zamonlar mavjud bo’lsa, quyidagi bog’lovchilarni ishlatish mumkin emas, ayrimlari faqat muayyan ma’nolardagina will/would bilan kelmaydi. Aksincha shu bog’lovchilar mavjud bo’lganda, will/would zamonlarni olish mumkin emas. Bular: after, as (“paytda” ma’nosida), as if, as long as, as soon as, before, by the time, even if, every time, if (“agar” ma’nosida), in case, lest (+should+inf/inf), once, provided/providing/suppose/supposing (that)/on condition that, since (“dan beri” ma’nosida), so long as, unless, until/till, when (“paytda” ma’nosida), whenever, while (“paytda” ma’nosida)

5. …dan keyin davom zamon bo’lsa quyidagi bog’lovchilar mumkin emas, va aksincha, shu bog’lovchilardan keyin davom zamon ishlatilmaydi. Bular: After, as soon as, before, by the time, everyeach time, lest, no sooner … than (va uning sinonimlari), once, since(dan beri ma’nosida), until/till, so that/in order that

6. ba’zi bog’lovchilar maxsus zamon talab qiladi. Demak … dan keyin shu zamon bo’lmasa o’sha bog’lovchini tanlash mumkin emas, yoki o’sha bog’lovchi bo’lsa, demak shu zamonlarni tanlash kerak. Bular:

6.1.by the time (kerakli zamonlari mavzuda berilgan), 6.2. every time (present yoki past simple),

6.3. lest(should+inf yoki to siz inf),

6.4. no sooner … than va uning sinonimlari (odatda past perfect),

6.5. since(“dan beri” bo’lganda, since dan keyin odatda past simple, bosh gapida esa present perfect, lekin harakat o’tgan zamondagi biror vaqtgacha tugagan harakat bo’lsa, past perfect kerak bo’ladi),

6.6. until/till (dan keyin present zamon bo’lsa, odatda bosh gapda future zamon bo’lishi kerak, past zamonga esa, future in past zamon),

6.7.while (“paytda” ma’nosida odatda present/past con, ba’zan present/past simple)

7. maxsus shakllar oladigan bog’lovchilar. Ba’zan … dan keyin ega-kesim emas fe’l shakllari, asosan to inf yo Ving yoki boshqa so’z turkumlari keladi. bunda quyidagi holatlar mavjud.

7.1. hamma so’roq olmoshidan kelgan bog’lovchilar, when (“qachon” ma’nosida), whether bog’lovchilaridan keyin faqat to inf keladi

7.2. when (“paytda” ma’nosida) dan keyin Ving,V3, being+V3 kelishi mumkin