D. U. Ashurova m. R. Galieva cognitive linguistics

7.2. Types of Conceptual Metaphor

One of the crucial problems of Conceptual Metaphor Theory is Conceptual Metaphor typology. There are several classifications of the types of metaphor. G. Lacoff and M. Johnson distinguish four types:

● structural metaphor refers to the metaphorical and structural organization of one concept (often an abstract one) in terms of another (often a more concrete one). In this case, the source domains provide frameworks for the target domains (Time is Money; Argument is War)
ARGUMENT IS WAR
Your claims are indefensible
Не attacked every weak points in my argument
His criticisms were right on target
I demolished his argument
I've never won an argument with him
You disagree? Okay, shoot!
If you use that strategy, he'll wipe you out
Не shot down all of my arguments


TIME IS MONEY
You are wasting my time
This gadget will save you hours
I don't have the time to give you
How do you spend your time these days?
That flat tire cost me an hour
I've invested a lot of time in her
I don't have enough time to spare for that
You're running out of time
You need to budget your time
Put aside some time for ping pong
Is that worth your while?
Do you have much time left?
Не is living on borrowed time
You don't use your time profitably
I lost a lot of time when I got sick

● orientational metaphor “organizes a whole system of concepts with respect to one another” and is concerned with spatial orientations: up-down, in-out, front-back, on-off, deep-shallow, central-peripheral (Happy is Up, Sad is Down);

HAPPY IS UP; SAD IS DOWN
I'm feeling up
That boosted my spirits
My spirits rose
You're in high spirits
Thinking about her always gives me a lift
I'm feeling down
He's really low these days
I fell into a depression
My spirits sank

HEALTH AND LIFE ARE UP; SICKNESS AND DEATH ARE DOWN

He's at the peak of health
Lazarus rose from the dead
Не is in top shape
As to his health, he's way up there
Не fell ill
Не is sinking fast
Не came down with the flu
His health is declining

● ontological metaphor relates to "ways of viewing events, activities, emotions, ideas, etc., as entities and substances". In other words, this is a type of metaphor in which something concrete is projected onto something abstract (Inflation is an Entity; the Mind is an Entity).

INFLATION IS ENTITY
Inflation is lowering our standard of living
If there's much more inflation, we'll never survive
We need to combat inflation
Inflation is backing us into a corner
Inflation is taking its toll at the checkout counter and the gas pump
Buying land is the best way of dealing with inflation
Inflation makes me sick
the MIND is an entity

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