Cyber Crime and Cyber Terrorism

CHAPTER
19
3
New and emerging
threats of cyber crime
and terrorism
Eric Luiijf
INTRODUCTION
Advancements in information and communication technologies (ICT) inextrica-
bly bring new threats to the end-users and society. However, the last 40 years have 
shown that many of the same cyber security design and programming failures occur 
over and over again when a new ICT innovation and development cycle takes place. 
Unfortunately, this allows us to predict new cyber security failures in the next in-
novation cycle. The reason is that with each new ICT advancement developers and 
programmers fail to take previously identified cyber security lessons into account. 
They grow up in the totally new ICT-development cycles and environments. They are 
even motivated and encouraged to disregard “old school” ICT.
Firstly, a short historic overview about some of the developments in cyber threats 
and related cybercrime is provided. This serves as a basis for the next section which 
discusses previous ICT innovation cycles show the recurrence of cyber security failures 
with patching and fixing afterwards, and the lack of learning the previously identified 
cyber security lessons. A section about organizational issues is presented, and based 
on the lessons identified in the past, a final section discusses new ICT innovations and 
predicts new and emerging threats as well as disguised old threats in a new fabric which 
may be exploited by cyber criminals, hacktivists, industrial spies, and states.
SOME HISTORIC MILESTONES
When discussing cyber-related crime 
EC (2007)
 recognized three different types of 
cybercrime, overlooking the fourth one added below:
1. 
traditional forms of crime using cyber relates to, e.g., forgery and web shop and 
e-market types of fraud,