Participants were recruited by snowball sampling technique. Initially, a core group of 15 members including lecturers, students, and staff from Hanoi Medical University was set up. These persons had a higher probability of knowing other individuals from other medical universities and health facilities in Vietnam. This group was selected to reflect the diversity of research subjects, for example age, gender, educational level, and occupation throughout the country. Core-group members accessed the survey link via their computers, tablets, or smartphones and shared research invitation to their relatives and friends through email or social media. After people completed the questionnaire, they were encouraged to spread the link of the online survey to invite others residing in all regions of Vietnam to join. A total of 341 respondents involved in our study after 1 week of collecting data.
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