Course paper english lexicology

Exercise 10. Circle the synonym of each given word.
clean fresh tidy dirty
easy hard simple clear
right correct wrong true
fast quick swift slow
scared bold afraid brave
quiet loud silent low
Exercise 11. Find 8 words which all mean “upset” in this word search. The synonym are given in the box.

U	N	H	A	P	P	Y	W	G	P
P	A	B	V	S	I	N	H	L	I
S	L	U	F	R	A	E	T	O	T
E	H	U	V	C	I	E	R	O	I
T	I	D	E	S	O	R	O	M	F
K	O	A	T	E	L	H	S	Y	U
M	I	S	E	R	A	B	L	E	L

Exercise 12. Match the words in the left column with their synonyms.

A	child		1	wish
B	easy		2	educate
C	fight		3	unhappy
D	give		4	attempt
E	group		5	presently
F	clean		6	slim
G	habit		7	pause
H	hard		8	error
I	intelligent		9	silent
J	kill		10	boss
K	leader		11	difficult
L	mistake		12	murder
M	now		13	crowd
N	quiet		14	war
O	sad		15	tradition
P	stop		16	kid
Q	teach		17	pure
R	thin		18	present
S	try		19	pure
T	want		20	clever

III. Conclusion

Words are continuously being replaced in the languages of the world but not all words. Synonymy play important role in communication and give different shades to way of expression: they can make the statement more emotional, give it expressiveness, definitely direct esthetic perception.

Synonymy has been an active topic in a variety of language processing tasks. Synonymy is one of the most controversial issues of modern linguistics. Practically, synonymous words convey the same meaning if taken separately but they can not be substituted in any context. Accordingly, the meanings of synonymous words can be the same or almost the same. That is why it is accepted to qualify synonyms as similar, but not identical words. It is possible to draw conclusions that the synonymy decorates the speech not only Uzbek, but also English and does it interesting and easy in understanding.
Having studied necessary literature on subject of "Synonyms", we managed to allocate some types of synonyms, for example: full and partial, absolute, contextual, cognitive, plesionymy and so on.
Having analyzed the problem of synonymy in Modern English I could mention that the problem of synonymy in Modern English is very actual nowadays and a number of famous linguists dealt with the problem of synonymy in Modern English.
One of the difficulties of synonymy is to choose proper synonyms . Synonyms are different words with similar or identical meanings and are interchangeable. Native speakers feel that some pairs of synonyms are more synonymous than others. This gives us the idea of a scale of synonymy. Obviously, the idea behind synonymy is that of sharing meaning that is that two words share (part of) their meaning. It has become a problem to establish how much overlapping do we need for two words for being considered synonyms. But the problem of synonymy is still waits for its detail investigation. In particular, Profs. Ullmann and Broal emphasized the social reasons for synonymy, L. Lipka pointed out types of synonymy and gave the type which he called directional opposition, V.N. Comissarov and Walter Skeat proved the link of synonymy with other kinds of lexical devices.
Having said about the perspectives of the work I hope that this work will find its worthy way of applying at schools, lyceums and colleges of high education by both teachers and students of English. I also express my hopes to take this work its worthy place among the lexicological works dedicated to synonymy.


IV. Reference List

1. 
   Abayev V.I. Synonyms and their Semantical Features. 1981
   
2. 
   Akhmanova O.S. Lexicology: Theory and Method. 1972
   
3. 
   Buranov A. Muminov J. Readings on Modern English Lexicology. 1985
   
4. 
   Cruse. Lexical Semantics. 1986.
   
5. 
   Dubenets E.M. Modern English Lexicology (Course of Lectures)
   
6. 
   Farghal. Language, Discourse and Translation in the West and Middle East. 1998.
   
7. 
   Ginzburg R. S. , Khidekel S. S, Knyazeva G. Y, Sankin A. A. A COURSE IN MODERN ENGLISH LEXICOLOGY. 1979
   
8. 
   Holt V. The Shivering Sands. 1969.
   
9. 
   Jackson & Amvela. Words, Meaning and Vocabulary: An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology. 2000.
   
10. 
    Lowndes B. Some Men and Women. 1971.
    
11. 
    Lyons John. Language and Linguistics. 1981.
    
12. 
    Nikolenka A.G. English lexicology – Vinnytsya Nova Knyha. 2007.
    
13. 
    Rodman & N. Hyams. The study of language. 2003.
    
14. 
    Shunnaq. Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts. 1992.
    
15. 
    Smirnitsky A.I. Synonyms in English. 1977
    
16. 
    Thornbury. The Mental Lexicon and Vocabulary Learning. 2002.
    
17. 
    Антрушина Г.Б, Афанасьева О.В, Морозова Н.Н. English Lexicology. 1999
    
18. 
    Давлетбаева Д.Н. LECTURES ON ENGLISH LEXICOLOGY. 2010.
    
19. 
    Осиянова О. М, Романюк М. Ю.ENGLISH LEXICOLOGY. 2010.
    
20. 
    Internet: http://www.wikipedia.com/English/articles/synonyms.html
    

ANSWERS OF THE EXERCISES


2.3 Exercises for mastering synonyms in English
Exercise 1 - Fill in the blank with the suitable synonym for each word.
1) All: complete, full.
2) Cut: chop, reduce.
3) False: wrong, mistaken.
4) Good: excellent, fine.
5) Happy: pleased, glad.
6) Idea: thought, view.
7) Important: necessary, vital.
8) Look: see, glance.
9) Make: create, originate.
10) None: no one, nobody.

Exercise 2 - Match the nouns that have a similar meaning.
1) annoy h) bother
2) big a) huge
3) clean d) pure
4) gather b) collect
5) dirty i) grubby
6) dislike f) hate
7) fat e) overweight
8) guide g) direct
9) lack c) shortage
10) then j) immediately

Exercise 3 - Select the word that most nearly means the word provided.

1. 
   A
   
2. 
   C
   
3. 
   B
   
4. 
   B
   
5. 
   A
   

Exercise 4 - Give the synonym for these words.
1) Dark Black
2) Famous Well-known
3) Mean Intend
4) Run Escape
5) Use Utilize
6) Mark Sign
7) Show Demonstrate
8) Begin Start
9) true Right
10) Fast Quick


Exercise 5 - Fill the blanks with the suitable word.
1. A
2. B
3. С
4. D
5. A


Exercise 6 - In what respects do the following synonyms differ?
1. Humorous – comic – amusing - happy
2. Utilize - obtain – consume – spend
3. Bright – shiny – well-known - shining
4. Quick – fast – rapid - slack

5. 
   New – up to date – fresh - modern
   

Exercise 7. - With the help of dictionaries explain the meaning of each member of the synonymic groups given below. Point out their synonymic dominants.
face - visage - countenance; to surprise – to astonish – to amaze – to astound; great - immense - enormous - gigantic - huge - vast - grand; to tremble - to shiver – to shudder - to shake; angry — furious — enraged; to make — to produce — to create — to fabricate — to manufacture; fear — terror — horror.


Exercise 8. Choose a synonym from the box to replace a word in each sentence. Circle the word in the sentence and write the replacement word onthe line.
1. She was cutting the meat up into little bits. __________ Dinky
2. Please keep the doors closed while the train is moving. __________Go
3. Some of the houses around here are very old. __________Used
4. The place was full of screaming children. __________Area
5. His ideas have now been proved right. __________Correct
6. The children proudly showed me their presents. __________Present
7. The referee stopped the fight. __________Pause
8. Someone is taken a pen from my desk. __________Remove
9. There were ugly scenes as rival gangs started attacking each other. _____ Horrible
10. He didn’t think anyone would believe him. __________Consider


Exercise 9. Read the sentence. Decide which word in the box means almost the same as the underlined word. Then write it on the line.
________ 1.You don’t have to give them an answer now. Reply
________ 2. She was even more beautiful than I had remembered. Gorgeous
________ 3. Let me know when they come. Arrrive
________ 4. Some of these prisoners are extremely dangerous. Harmful
________ 5. The festival will end with a spectacular laser show. Finish
________ 6. I don’t want to give you any false hopes. Wrong
________ 7. The train service is not very good. Excellent
________ 8. She helped him choose some new clothes. Assist
________ 9. I knew it was a bad idea to leave him on his own. Thought
________ 10. You won’t be able to keep it secret for ever. Maintain
Exercise 10. Circle the synonym of each given word.
clean fresh tidy dirty
easy hard simple clear
right correct wrong true
fast quick swift slow
scared bold afraid brave
quiet loud silent low


Exercise 11. Find 8 words which all mean “upset” in this word search. The synonym are given in the box.

1. 
   Upset
   
2. 
   Sad
   
3. 
   Furious
   
4. 
   Miserable
   
5. 
   Gloomy
   
6. 
   Pitiful
   
7. 
   Unhappy
   
8. 
   Mad
   

Exercise 12. Match the words in the left column with their synonyms.

A	child		1	kid
B	easy		2	pure
C	fight		3	war
D	give		4	present
E	group		5	crowd
F	clean		6	pure
G	habit		7	tradition
H	hard		8	difficult
I	intelligent		9	clever
J	kill		10	murder
K	leader		11	boss
L	mistake		12	error
M	now		13	presently
N	quiet		14	silent
O	sad		15	unhappy
P	stop		16	pause
Q	teach		17	educate
R	thin		18	slim
S	try		19	attempt
T	want		20	wish

1 Jackson & Amvela. Words, Meaning and Vocabulary: An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology. 2000.

2 Rodman & N. Hyams. The study of language. 2003.

3 Jackson & Amvela. Words, Meaning and Vocabulary: An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology. 2000.

4 Thornbury. The Mental Lexicon and Vocabulary Learning. 2002.

5 Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts. 1992.

6 John Lyons. Language and Linguistics. 1981.

7 Cruse. Lexical Semantics. 1986.

8 Farghal. Language, Discourse and Translation in the West and Middle East. 1998.

9 V. Holt. The Shivering Sands. 1969

10 Nikolenka A.G. English lexicology – Vinnytsya Nova Knyha. 2007.

11 B. Lowndes .Some Men and Women.

12 Nikolenka A.G. English lexicology – Vinnytsya Nova Knyha. 2007.

13 The Stone Angel by M. Lawrence