Count Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy Writer and Thinker



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Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich

War and Peace (1863-69)

  • Begins to appear in literary magazine Russky vestnik in 1865
  • Reflects Tolstoy’s interest in the Russian narod (“people”)
  • Graphic descriptions of slaughter on the battlefield reflect Tolstoy’s experience as a soldier, amount to a pacifist critique of war

Tolstoy in his study

Anna Karenina, 1873-77

  • Family novel centred around an autobiographical hero plus a novel about adultery (cf. Flaubert’s Madame Bovary)
  • Vehicle for Tolstoy to express his opinion on the reforms of the 1860s, agriculture, modernity

Critical, Psychological Realism

  • Investigation into the more profound aspects of life
  • Social inequality
  • Motivation, why do we do what we do?
  • Psychological contradictions
  • Politics
  • What is Russia? What is Russia’s role in the world?

The 1880s: The Spiritual Crisis

  • Tolstoy radically questions society, religion, morality, sex, artistic practices
  • Renounces his previous literary works
  • Publishes A Confession (1884), Death of Ivan Ilich (1886), Kreuzer Sonata (1887-89)

Tolstoy’s core beliefs

  • Non-resistance to evil
  • Renounce all luxury and wealth
  • Live by one’s own labour
  • Be like the humble peasant
  • Vegetarianism

Tolstoy’s Philosophy

  • Il’ya Repin. Tolstoy as ploughman

Vladimir Chertkov (1854-1936) and the Tolstoyans

  • Meets Tolstoy in 1883
  • 1884 becomes publisher of Tolstoy’s and others’ work in popular cheap editions
  • Educational projects for moral improvement
  • After Tolstoy’s death edits his work

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