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Bog'liq
Electric Circuit Analysis by K. S. Suresh Kumar

node is equal to zero.
Node A
Node B
Node C
No
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
S
R
R
R
R
S
R
1
1
1
2
3
2
2
0
0
0
+ =

+
=
+
=

dde D
Node E
Node F
Nod


+
=
+
=

=
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
R
R
R
S
R
S
R
3
4
5
3
4
4
5
0
0
0
ee R 
for all time




=











i i
i
i
t
S
S
S
S
1
2
3
4
0
We will call the KCL equation at a node as the node equation at that node from this point onwards. 
Obviously, this set of seven node equations do not form an independent set since the KCL equation 
at the Node R can be obtained by adding the KCL equations at all the other nodes. Any set of node 
equations containing six equations will be an independent set of equations in this circuit.
We usually assign one of the nodes in the circuit as a reference node in the sense that voltages of 
various other nodes will be defined and measured with respect to this node. Any node can be set as 
reference node in theory. However, in practice, the choice will be obvious since there will be such a 
node which forms a common point of reference for applying inputs and measuring outputs. If such 
a choice is not obvious, the practical convention is to set that node which has maximum elements 
connected to it as the reference node. The KCL equation for reference node is dropped and the KCL 
equations at the remaining nodes are chosen as a set of (n

1) independent equations in circuit 
analysis. 
Now, we shift our attention to the KVL equations written for six loops. Here too, we follow a 
certain convention in writing the KVL equations. We start at the leftmost corner of a loop and traverse 
it in the clockwise direction until we get back to the starting point. As we go along, we enter the 
element voltages in the equation with the polarity that we see first. That is, if we meet an element 
voltage at its positive polarity first, we enter that voltage variable with positive sign, and, if we meet an 
element voltage at its negative polarity first, we enter that variable with negative sign.
Loop RABCR
Loop RCBDER

+

+
=

+
+

v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
S
R
R
S
S
R
R
R
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
0
44
3
3
4
5
4
1
0
0
+
=

+
+
+
=

+
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
S
S
R
R
S
S
R
Loop REDFR
Loop RABDER
11
3
4
3
2
2
3
5
4
0
0
+

+
=

+
+
+
+
=
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
R
R
S
S
R
R
R
S
Loop RCBDFR
Loop RAB
BDFR
for all time

+
+
+
+
=










v
v
v
v
v
S
R
R
R
S
1
1
3
5
4
0
tt


4.4
Nodal Analysis and Mesh Analysis of Memoryless Circuits
Obviously, these six equations do not form an independent set. For example, the first three 
will add up to the last one. The first two will add up to the fourth one. Second and third will add 
up to the fifth. Thus, the last three are not independent equations. The first three are independent 
since each contains at least one voltage variable that does not figure in the other two. Hence, we 
may accept the first three as the independent set of three KVL equations. However, there are other 
possible choices too. For instance, the first two and the last will form an independent set of three
equations.
Thus, we have six independent KCL equations and three independent KVL equations making up 
nine equations involving 18 variables – 9 current variables and 9 voltage variables. The remaining 
nine equations come from element equations. The complete set of 18 equations needed to solve for 18 
variables are listed below.
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
S
R
R
R
R
S
R
R
R
R
S
R
1
1
1
2
3
2
2
3
4
5
3
4
0
0
0
0
0
+ =


+
=
+
=
− −
+
=
+
=
;
;
;
,,
i
i
S
R
4
5
0

=

+

+
=

+
+

+
=

+
+
+
=
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
S
R
R
S
S
R
R
R
S
S
R
R
S
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
4
3
3
4
5
4
0
0
0
v
R i
v
R i
v
R i
v
R i
v
R i
v
v t
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
S
1
1 1
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
1
1
=
=
=
=
=
=
;
;
;
;
( );;
( );
( );
( )
v
v t v
v t v
v t
S
S
S
2
2
3
3
4
4
=
=
=
v
1
(t), v
2
(t), v
3
(t) and v
4
(t) are the time-functions which describe the voltage delivered by the 
independent voltage sources.
Thus, we have 18 equations in 18 unknowns. They come in three sets – the first set consists of
(n

1) KCL equations, the second set contains (

n

1) KVL equations and the third set contributes 
b element equations. Can we simplify this problem and reduce the number of variable we have to 
deal with? This is where the systematic procedures we set out to develop in this chapter come into
focus.
Nodal Analysis uses the second and third set of equations (KVL and element equations) 
to eliminate variables, reduces the number of pertinent variables to (
n
-
1) node voltage 
variables and uses the first set of equations (KCL equations) to solve for these 
variables.
Mesh Analysis uses the first and third set of equations (KCL and element equations) to 
eliminate variables, reduces the number of pertinent variables to (
b
-
n
+
1) mesh current 
variables and uses the second set of equations (KVL equations) to solve for these 
variables.
We develop the method of Nodal Analysis first through a series of examples that follow.

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