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Electric Circuit Analysis by K. S. Suresh Kumar

3.2.7 
Linearity of Inductor
The flux linkage in an inductor and the current through it are related by a simple proportionality 
relationship. Hence, 
y
versus i curve for a linear inductor is a straight line passing through origin. In 
that sense inductor is linear.
However, that is not what we mean when we say an electrical element is a linear element. We call an 
electrical element linear when its voltage – current relationship satisfies two principles – the principle 
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3.18
Single Element Circuits
of homogeneity and the principle of additivity. Principle of homogeneity requires that when input is 
scaled by a real constant, the output also must get scaled by the same constant.
We will treat i(t) as input and v(t) as output first. This implies that we are applying a current source 
across inductor and observing the voltage appearing across the combination as output. The governing 
equation then is v(t
=
L di(t)/dt. Obviously, when i(t) is multiplied (scaled) by a real constant 
a
v(t
also gets scaled by same number. Hence, principle of homogeneity is satisfied.
Principle of additivity requires that when two inputs are applied simultaneously, the output observed 
is the sum of individual outputs observed when these inputs are applied individually. Let us say the 
voltage across inductor is v
1
(t) when a current source of i
1
(t) is applied to it and voltage across inductor 
is v
2
(t) when a current source of i
2
(t) is applied to it. Then the voltage will be v
1
(t

v
2
(t) when i
1
(t

i
2
(t) is applied if principle of additivity is satisfied. Obviously, this is also true in the present case. 
Therefore, the relation 
v t
L
di t
dt
( )
( )
=
satisfies both principles.
Now, we consider voltage as input and current as output. This implies that we are applying a voltage 
source across the inductor and observing its current as output. The governing relationship in this case is 
i t
L
v t dt
t
( )
( )
=
−∞

1
It may easily be verified that this relationship satisfies both the requirements. However, there is a 
caveat here. We do not know v(t) for t < 0. Therefore, we write this relationship as 
i t
L
v t dt
L
v t dt
L
v t dt
I
L
v t dt
t
t
t
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
=
=
+
=
+
−∞
−∞




1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
thereby absorbing all of v(t) for t < 0 into a single number I
0

Now, if the portion of v(t) that we apply, i.e., for 

0

is multiplied by a real constant 
a
, the 
inductor current will be 
i t
I
L
v t dt
t
( )
( )
=
+

0
0
a
and that is not 
a
times the earlier current. Hence, principle of homogeneity is not satisfied by the 
total current unless the initial condition is zero. Therefore, we will have to make a qualified statement 
that the principle of homogeneity is satisfied by the component of current contributed by the applied 
voltage function. Similarly
i t
v t
i t
I
L
v t dt
i t
v t
t
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
when
is applied
when
is
1
1
0
1
0
2
1
=
+

aapplied
when
is applied
i t
I
L
v t dt
i t
v t
v t
i
t
2
0
2
0
1
2
1
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
=
+
+

112
0
1
2
0
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
1
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
t
I
L
v t
v t dt
I
L
v t dt
L
v t dt
t
t
t
=
+
+
(
)
=
+
+


∫∫

+
i t
i t
1
2
( )
( )
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The Inductor 
3.19
Hence the principle of additivity is not satisfied by the total current unless the initial condition is 
zero. Therefore, we will have to make a qualified statement that principle of additivity is satisfied by 
the component of current contributed by applied voltage function.
These two principles put together is called superposition principleA linear element is one that 
satisfies superposition principle. Inductor is a linear element if it is understood that the superposition 
principle has to be applied to the current component which is produced by the applied voltage 
from t 
=
0 onwards. The initial current has to be excluded from the purview of superposition 
principle.
An inductor with zero initial current is a linear electrical element. An inductor with non-
zero initial current is a linear element as far as the current component caused by applied 
voltage is concerned.

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