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Electric Circuit Analysis by K. S. Suresh Kumar

1.8 
MulTI-TErMInal CIrCuIT ElEMEnTs
Many electrical devices that are characterized by voltage and current variables at more than two 
terminals are in common use in Electrical engineering. Transformers in power engineering, transistors 
in electronics engineering etc., are some examples.
1.8.1 
Ideal Dependent sources
Ideal dependent sources form a category of multi-terminal elements that we employ in circuit analysis. 
These models are used extensively in analysis of electronic circuits to model devices like transistors, 
amplifiers etc.
They have two terminal pairs. The first terminal pair senses either a voltage variable or a current 
variable at the location where this terminal pair is connected in the circuit. The second pair of 
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1.42


CircuitVariablesandCircuitElements
terminals delivers either a voltage or a current to the location at which this terminal pair is connected 
in the circuit. However, the source function delivered is a function of the variable sensed by the first 
terminal pair. That is why they are called dependent sources. They are ideal in the sense that (i) the 
first terminal pair does not affect the circuit variables in any way (ii) the source function delivered by 
second terminal pair depends only on the variable sensed by the first terminal pair and on nothing else.
There are four dependent sources depending on the nature of circuit variable sensed by the first 
terminal pair and the nature of source function delivered by the second terminal pair.
A Voltage-Controlled Voltage-Source (VCVS) senses a voltage variable at some location in the 
circuit and delivers a source voltage that depends on the sensed voltage at some other location in the 
circuit. If the source voltage delivered is a linear function of the controlling voltage, the dependent 
source will be called a linear VCVS.
A Voltage-Controlled Current-Source (VCCS) senses a voltage variable at some location in the 
circuit and delivers a source current that depends on the sensed voltage at some other location in the 
circuit. If the source current delivered is a linear function of the controlling voltage, the dependent 
source will be called a linear VCCS.
Current-Controlled Current-Source (CCCS) senses a current variable at some location in the 
circuit and delivers a source current that depends on the sensed current at some other location in the 
circuit. If the source current delivered is a linear function of the controlling current, the dependent 
source will be called a linear CCCS.
A Current-Controlled Voltage-Source (CCVS) senses a current variable at some location in the 
circuit and delivers a source voltage that depends on the sensed current at some other location in the 
circuit. If the source voltage delivered is a linear function of the controlling current, the dependent 
source will be called a linear VCCS.
The symbols used for the four linear dependent sources are shown in Fig. 1.8-1. k
v
k
i
g
m
and r
m
are real numbers. k
y
is a trans-conductancek
z
is a trans-resistance, k
v
and k
i
are dimensionless.

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