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Electric Circuit Analysis by K. S. Suresh Kumar

steady current (i.e., a DC current) due to all the other moving charges in the circuit will be zero. We 
accept this statement without proof.
Hence, moving charges in a DC circuit do not experience any induced electric force provided there 
are no other circuits carrying time-varying currents in its vicinity.
However, the net induced electric force experienced by a charge located at a certain point in a 
circuit carrying time-varying current due to all the other moving charges in the circuit will not be 
zero. It will experience an induced electric force that will be proportional to its value. Thus, we can 
define induced electric field 
E
i
 
at a point as the net induced electric force experienced by 
+
1 C charge 
kept at that point. This field exists everywhere in space (including the source region) unlike the non-
electrostatic field that is present only within the source.
Now, the force balance on charges inside the source requires that 
E
E
E
e
s
i
+
+
=
0
since the 
material inside the source has infinite conductivity. Similarly the force balance condition inside the 
shorting wire requires that
E
E
s
i
+
=
0
since the shorting wire is of infinite conductivity.
Electrostatic field is a conservative field. Hence the work to be done against the electrostatic force 
in carrying a unit test charge around a closed loop is zero. Induced electric field is non-conservative. 
Hence the work to be done against the induced electric force in carrying a unit test charge around a 
closed loop is non-zero.
The electrostatic field inside the source and the shorting wire can be expressed in terms of induced 
electric field and the non-electrostatic field generated by the source as follows.
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1.20


CircuitVariablesandCircuitElements
Inside the source 
E
E
E
s
e
i
= −
+
(
)
Inside the shorting wire 
E
E
s
i
= −
It must be noted that all the field quantities appearing in these equations are functions of space 
as well as time and that these equations are valid at all points inside the source and wire. Strictly 
speaking, they should have been expressed as below.
Inside the source 
E x y z t
E x y z t
E x y z t
s
e
i
( , , , )
[
( , , , )
( , , , )]
= −
+
Inside the shorting wire 
E x y z t
E x y z t
s
i
( , , , )
( , , , )
= −
Let a 
+
1 C charge be taken around the circuit from B to A through the source and from A to B 
through the shorting wire. Then,

E x y z t dl
i
s
( , , , )
=

0
since electrostatic field is conservative. Therefore,


E x y z t dl
E x y z
i
s
B to A
through the source
s
( , , , )
( , , ,
+

tt dl
)
i
=

0
A to B
through the wire
But 

E x y z t
E x y z t
E x y z t
s
e
i
( , , , ) [
( , , , )
( , , , )]
=
+
inside the source and 

E x y z t
E x y z t
s
i
( , , , )
( , , , )
=
 
inside the shorting wire. Therefore,
[
( , , , )
( , , , )]
E x y z t
E x y z t
dl
i
e
i
B to A
through the sour
+
+
cce
i
A to B
through the wire


=
E x y z t
dl
i
( , , , )
0

=


E x y z t dl
E x y z t
dl
i
i
e
i
B to A
( , , , )
( , , , )
The quantity on the left-hand side is the electromotive force of the source – that is, it is the work 
done by the non-electrostatic force provided by the source when 
+
1 C is taken through it from its 
negative terminal to the positive terminal. Similarly, the quantity on the right-hand side is the negative 
of work done by the non-conservative induced electric force when 
+
1 C is taken through the loop in 
clockwise direction. That is, it is the negative of electromotive force due to the induced electric field 
in clockwise direction in the loop. We will term this electromotive force as the induced electromotive 
force. Obviously, the current in this circuit will have suitable magnitude at all instants such that the 
source electromotive force and induced electromotive force meet each other without leaving any net 
electromotive force in the circuit loop.

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