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  effect of non-Zero Initial condition on dc Switching response of



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Bog'liq
Electric Circuit Analysis by K. S. Suresh Kumar

10.4.4 
effect of non-Zero Initial condition on dc Switching response of 
RL
 circuit
We have been dealing with the step response of an RL circuit till now. We will deepen our understanding 
in this sub section by taking up the DC switching response of a series RL circuit with non-zero initial 
current in the inductor at t 

0
-

We have already derived the expression for inductor current in this case as
i t
I e
R
e
t
t
t
L
for
( )
(
)
/
/
=
+




+
0
1
1
0
t
t
(10.4-4)
Normalising this equation by using 1/R A as the current base and 
t
s as the time base, we get the 
normalised form with I
0n
as the normalised initial current at t 

0
-
.


Features of 
RL
Circuit Step Response 
10.19
i
t
I e
t
e
t
t
i
t
i t
R
I
Ln
n
n
n
n
Ln
L
n
for
where
( )
(
)
( )
( )
/
,
=
− + − −

=
=
+
0
0
1
0
1
II
R
t
t
0
1/
and
n
=
t
(10.4-5)
This expression can also be written in a form that shows the natural response (transient response) 
and forced response components clearly separated out as below.
i
t
I
e
t
Ln
n
n
( )
(
)
;
=



1
1
0
forced response natural response
ffor t
n

+
0
(10.4-6)
This equation is plotted in Fig. 10.4-4 with solid curves showing the total response and dotted 
curves showing the natural response or transient response. Curves are shown for four values of initial 
condition at t 

0
-
. They are –0.5, 0, 0.5 and 1.5. All values are normalised ones. A negative initial 
condition value indicates that the initial current in the inductor at t 

0
-
was in a direction opposite 
to that of forced response. The forced response in all cases is represented by a horizontal line with 
intercept of unity in the vertical axis. 
3
Forced response
Total response
Transient response
(–0.5)
(–0.5)
(0.5)
(0.5)
(0.0)
(0.0)
(1.5)
(1.5)
Values in bracket indicate
normalised initial currents
i
Ln
t
/
1
τ
0.25
–0.25
–0.50
–0.75
–1.00
–1.25
–1.50
0.50
1.50
0.75
1.25
1.00
2
Fig. 10.4-4 
Total response and transient response in series 
RL
circuit step response for 
various initial currents
The waveforms in Fig. 10.4-4 and Eqn. 10.4-6 bring out the following aspects of RL circuit DC 
switching response with non-zero initial condition.
(a) The transient response (natural response) of an RL circuit contains two contributions – one 
from the initial condition specification and another from the value of forced response at
t 

0
+
.
The magnitude of the transient term is decided by these two quantities. Thus, the role 
of transient response is seen clearly to be one of bridging the gap between the initial current in 


10.20
First-Order 
RL
Circuits
the inductor and the final current in the inductor. Transient response thus enforces compliance 
with the initial condition specification in the circuit. 
(b) The total response is a rising response if the initial current at t 

0
-
is less than the final 
current value. It is a falling response if initial current is more than final current.
(c) There will be no transient response in the circuit if the initial current specified at t 

0
-
is 
equal to the final current value in magnitude and direction.
(d) Consider a new current variable defined as 
D
i
Ln
(t

i
Ln
(t) – I
0n
i.e., the change in inductor 
current from its initial value. Substituting Eqn. 10.4-6 in this definition, we get 

i
t
I
e
t
t
Ln
n
n
n
for
( )
(
)(
) ;
= −
− −

+
1
1
0
0

(e) Compare this expression for the change in inductor current with the inductor current 
expression for initially relaxed circuit. We can see that whatever that has been said about time 
constant becomes applicable in relation to the change in inductor current rather than to the 
total current when initial current is non zero. The final value of this change is 1
-
I
0n
and the 
change in inductor current rises to 63.2% of its final value in one time constant, 86.5% of its 
final value in 2
t
s etc. Similarly, the change in inductor current covers the 10% to 90% range 
in 2.2
t
s where the percentages are to the base of 1
-
I
0n
.

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