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the Voltage follower circuit



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Electric Circuit Analysis by K. S. Suresh Kumar

the Voltage follower circuit
This circuit is a special case of the non-inverting amplifier circuit. R
2
is kept at zero value and R
1
is 
made an open-circuit. The resulting gain will be unity. The unity gain amplifier is used as a buffer 
amplifier to interconnect circuits without interfering with each other. When a second circuit is 
connected as a load to the first circuit, the performance of first 
circuit is affected by the input characteristics of the second circuit 
and the performance of second circuit is affected by the output 
characteristics of the first circuit. A unity gain buffer amplifier 
interfaces the two circuits by providing an infinite load resistance 
to the first circuit and an ideal voltage source with zero series 
resistance to the second circuit. Voltage follower circuit shown in 
Fig. 2.7-5 is used in buffering applications.
the Inverting amplifier circuit
This amplifier is shown in Fig. 2.7-6.
Assume that input is grounded and the output voltage deviates 
upwards from zero due to some temporary disturbance. Then 
the voltage fed back to the inverting terminal increases, thereby 
effecting a decrease in the differential input voltage. This leads to 
corrective action at the output. Hence, there is negative feedback 
in this circuit.
The non-inverting input is grounded. Therefore, by virtual 
short principle, the potential at the inverting input is also zero. 
That is, the inverting terminal is virtually grounded. Hence, the 
+
v
s
v
o
v
o

v
s
+
+



Fig. 2.7-5 
The voltage 
follower circuit
v
s
R
2
R
1
+
+
+
0 V
0 A
+





+
v
o
=
v
s
R
2
R
1
v
s
R
2
R
1
v
s
R
1
v
s
R
1
Fig. 2.7-6 
The inverting 
amplifier circuit
www.TechnicalBooksPDF.com


KVL and KCL in Operational Amplifier Circuits 
2.31
current in R
1
has to be v
s
/R
1
A. Thus, the Opamp with grounded non-inverting terminal converts the 
input voltage source into a current source with the conversion factor decided by R
1
.
The input current into the inverting input terminal is zero by zero input current principle. Therefore, 
the current in R
2
has to be v
s
/R
1
A by KCL at inverting input. This current flow results in a voltage drop 
of v

R
2
/R
1
V with the polarity shown in Fig. 2.7-6. Applying KVL in a loop starting at non-inverting 
input terminal and ending at the ground node, we get
0
0
2
1
+
+
=
R
R
v
v
s
o
.
Therefore, v
R
R
v
o
s
= −
2
1
. The gain of the amplifier is –R
2
/R
1
. The output undergoes a sign change 
with respect to input and hence the name – Inverting Amplifier. The input resistance of the amplifier 
is R
1
. The output resistance of this amplifier is zero as per IOA model and is small-valued in practice.

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