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Electric Circuit Analysis by K. S. Suresh Kumar

11.6 
summary
• Series and parallel RC circuits are described by a first-order linear differential equation. The past 
history of the circuit is contained in a single initial condition specification for capacitor voltage 
in RC circuits.
• The solution of the differential equation describing the capacitor voltage in an RC circuit contains 
two terms – the complementary function and particular integral. Complementary function is the 
solution of differential equation with zero-forcing function. Particular integral is the solution of 
the differential equation due to input function. The total solution is obtained by adding these two. 
The complementary function has arbitrary amplitude that should be fixed by ensuring that the total 
solution complies with the specified initial condition.
• The circuit variables in the RC circuit will contain two response components – transient response 
(also called natural response) and forced response. Natural response is the way in which the 
inertia in the circuit reacts to forcing function’s command to change. Complementary solution 
gives the natural response and particular integral gives the forced response in a circuit.
• The natural response of a circuit is independent of the type or magnitude of forcing function and 
depends only on circuit parameters and the nature of interconnections. Natural response in RC 
circuit is exponential of the form A e
-
 
t
 
/
 
t
, where 
t
=
RC is defined as time constant of the circuit. 
A is to be fixed by complying with initial condition.
• The initial capacitor voltage in an RC circuit at t 
=
0
-
and t 
=
0
+
are the same if the circuit does not 
contain impulse sources.
• In the case of RC circuit, step response is a rising exponential, approaching a steady-state value 
asymptotically as t 


. The step response never gets done. But for practical purposes it may be 
considered to be over within 5 time constants.
• Free-response of an RC circuit is its response when input is zero and there is some initial energy 
trapped in the capacitor. It will contain only natural response terms. The capacitor voltage in this 
case falls exponentially towards zero.
• The response due to initial energy and application of impulse are indistinguishable in an RC circuit 
and hence they can be replaced for each other. An initial voltage of V
0
in a capacitor of value C can 
be replaced by zero initial condition with a current source CV
0
d
(t) connected in parallel with the 
capacitor.


Problems

11.29
• Step response and ramp response in a RC circuit can be obtained by integrating its impulse 
response successively.
• Waveshape distortion occurs in linear circuits due to differential treatment experienced by various 
sinusoidal components in a mixture of sinusoids when they go through the circuit. The conditions 
to be satisfied by a circuit such that there is no waveshape distortion when a signal passes through 
it, is that its frequency response must have a gain that is flat with 
w
and a phase which is either 
zero or linear on 
w
, i.e., of the form 
f
=
-
k
w
, where k is a real number.
• A Series RC Circuit excited by a voltage source at the input of the series combination with 
output taken across the capacitor is a low-pass filter with a cut-off frequency of 1/
t
rad/s and 
a monotonically decreasing gain. The same circuit with same excitation but with output taken 
across the resistor is a high-pass filter with a cut-off frequency of 1/
t
rad/s and a monotonically 
increasing gain.
• Series RC circuit with output taken across capacitor can be used as averaging filter for voltage 
signals and parallel RC circuit with output taken across the combination can be used as averaging 
filter for current signals. Good averaging performance requires that 
t
>> T, where T is the 
period of the input signal or its characteristic time of variation if a regular period cannot be
identified.

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