Copyright 1996

Question* 15-19 
Use a maximum of TWO words from the reading passage to answer each of 
questions 15-19 Write your answers in spaces numbered 15-19 on the answer 
sheet 
15  Which group has predicted a significant change m future energy generation
7
 
16  Fuel cells are positive for the environment because they release minimal 
amounts of which substances
7
 
7
17  Which common energy sources have been compared to fuel cells  
18  What is the potential percentage gam in efficiency when comparing old style 
energy generators and fuel cells
7
 
19  When were ceramic fuel cells, first used
7
 
Question* 20-24 
Decide whether the statements below support information in Reading Passage 2 
In the spaces numbered 20-24 on the answer sheet, write 
Yes 
if the statements support information 
No 
if the statements do not support information 
Not Given      if the statements do not refer to information 
An example has been done for you 
 
Ewmple 
Sir William Grove was a physicist 
Answer  
Not Given  
20  I uture transport vehicles may be powered by fuel cells 
21  Turopean companies were first in the race to develop fuel cell technology 
22  Some rapidly developing South East Asian countries will soon market fuel 
cells 
23  Indonesia has an enormous need for fossil fuels 
24  Cooperation between private companies and governments will encourage 
wider use of efficient energy sources 

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QUESTIONS 25^0 
You are advised to spend about 25 minute* on Questions 25-40 which refer to 
Reading 
Prtssrtge 3 below 
READING PASSAGE 3 
The New Ice Age 
 
Antarctica's long dark winter evokes visions of
Because the summer-time work of scientists
early explorers barely surviving in huts, their
tends to capture the public's imagination, with
huskies and sleds snowbound outside in the
revelations about the ozone hole or whale  
harshest conditions imaginable But times have
numbers, people tend to overlook the efforts of
changed  
the 20 or so winterers at each base — mostly
 
tradespeople — who keep the bases going long
Although expeditioners like Mawson, Scott
after 'the boffins' (research scientists) have 
and Amundsen explored and wintered on the
migrated to warmer climates In doing so, they
continent in the early years of the century, the
also keep alive claims to sovereignty of  
notion of operating permanent year-round
sections of the continent and maintain their
bases in Antarctica was relatively new until the
environmental interest in this sensitive part of
1950s and 1960s Even after the Second World
the planet Aside from its wealth of marine  
War, Antarctica was still being opened up and
resources, Antarctica controls much of the 
there were many blank spots on the map
southern hemisphere's climate As the only  
Mawson station, opened in 1954, and Davis in
other wholly southern hemisphere continent
1957 are Australia's two oldest, continually
Australia, more than any other large nation
operated bases on the continent
has the most at stake in what happens here 
In the past, life at these bases was hardly
So what is life like down there
7
 Over the past
luxurious It meant camping in cramped zinc-
year, wintering on an Antarctic base has  
alum sheds, listening to katabatic winds
become positively civilised The conclusion last
scream in the long winter night 
summer of a 10 year building program has 
Communication with the outside world was
seen the historic zinc-alum shacks and es en
restricted to just a few telegraphed lines
older wooden sheds built at an early Antarctic.
Expedmoners heading south were issued with
base, on Heard Island in 1947, supplanted by
pamphlets listing five-letter codes covering
vast, bright-coloured buildings with bav-  
almost every conceivable situation so they
wmdow views and ski-lodge decor There are
could communicate with their families and still
video lounges, gymnasiums, bars and libraries
keep within strict 'word limits' during their
The workshops are comparable to anything in
year on base Humour boosted morale and was
modern industrialised countries The food is
an important element of life there For instance
plentiful There are even field huts that double
'YIKLA' was code for 'This is the life'
as weekenders for those who feel the need to
 
get away from it all The money's good and 
Today, living year-round in Antarctica is
everything from beer to socks is supplied free
considerably easier The weather hasn't
Not everyone is pleased with the neu luxur)
changed of course, but you can pick up a
Nowhere were the changes felt more keenly
telephone and dial direct anywhere in the
than at Mawson, where the old quarters is ilh
world The cost is very modest and is
their rugged outpost atmosphere uere shut  
subsidised at 90 cents a minute All that
and the last team of huskies renxmd lo m.inj
individuals need to do is to collect the bill at
old Antarctic hands, it marked the end of the
the end of the year  
great 'Intrepid Age' in Antarctica  

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There are some things about life in Antarctica, 
spectacular coastal scenery of the Antarctic 
how e\ er that c\ en central heading and 
Peninsula 
u iitihing a Ii\ e \ la satellite sports broadcast 
Once there, after the short shipping season has 
cannot ihange The Antarctic Territor) is still 
ended some time in February when the ice 
one of the most exotic places on Earth Few 
closes in, there is no changing your mind and 
people will ever get there There are no flights 
heading home You are there for the duration, 
which land there — )ou have to tra\el as the 
at least until the pack ice breaks up the 
early explorers did, almost a century ago, by 
following November Like the early explorers, 
sea Going to Mawson, for example, means a 
you are confronted with the challenge of 
two-week voyage on an icebreaker such as 
getting along with a small, isolated group of