FIGURE 8.7 Summary of the data obtained from the experiments simulating
soil weathering scenario.
(HS: historical slag, SFS: shaft furnace slag, GS: granulated slag, LS: lead slag).
CHAPTER 8: GENERAL DISCUSSION AND PERSPECTIVES
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8.3.2 Phytomining (in situ removal, plant-based recovery)
Remediation technologies are progressively developing as the response to current level of the
environmental pollution that became an alarming issue. Broad array of methodologies are
being implemented as remediation treatment of contaminated sites (Virkutyte et al., 2002;
Yao et al., 2012) and this aspect should also be perceived as an important issue related to slag
disposal.
Phytoextraction has developed as an idea for treatment of sites where the levels of valuable
metals are too high to resident in the environment. The existence of hyper accumulating plants
has been initially found to be useful as the assistance in the remediation technology (Rascio &
Navari-Izzo, 2011). Acidification of rhizosphere, is the way hyperaccumulating plants
increase bioavailability of metals. Cu uptake capacity of hyperaccumulators is estimated at the
level of 1 mg/g (Verbruggen et al., 2009; Rascio & Navari-Izzo, 2011). On the other hand,
naturally growing plants on contaminated areas will be considered as hyperaccumulators if
they exhibit tolerance 100-1000 greater as compared to plants growing at uncontaminated
sites (Rascio & Navari-Izzo, 2011). As shown, by previous study (Chapter 5) mobilization of
metals by root exudates was significant, hence taking an advantage of plant and applying the
phyto-treatment method, especially for polluted areas is a perspective for slag industrial sites
when combined with the hyperaccumulators. According to literature survey various plants
exhibit different degrees of tolerance towards metals which makes them good candidates for
metal bio-recovery applications as well. A brief overview of Cu up-take capacity plants
growing on contaminated sites is presented in Table 8.1.
The conventional phytoremediation approach is initially intended to reduce the contamination
level of industrial areas. Nevertheless, it has developed into somewhat more practical and
even economically benefited purposes. That approach is named “phytomining” and aims at
extracting of precious metals such as Ag etc. and subsequent harvesting the plants (crop).
Gathered crop need to be subjected to further treatment (combustion) that aims at recovery the
previously up-taken metals (Van Der Ent et al., 2015). Plant ash after combustion could be
kept as the metal reserve until the moment when economic benefit would be brought (Sheoran
et al., 2009). Phytomining receives great deal of attention especially for valuables such as
silver, nevertheless might be a perspective for Cu recovery too. Such an approach could be
introduced at the industrial areas where slag and associated emissions have contributed to
local pollution from the discarding event onwards. Such a strategy coupled to simultaneous
profit can be put into practice and bring double advantage of reducing pollution and
recovering Cu and other metals as well.
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