CHAPTER 5: METAL MOBILIZATION FROM Cu-SLAGS BY SOIL ORGANIC ACIDS
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(Zn), 15.8 (Pb) in the case of SFS and 25.4 (Cu), 11.3 (Zn), 37.5 (Pb) in the case of GS,
respectively. A larger difference between UPW and organic acids leaching observed for SFS
and GS than that for HS and LS could be due to the higher HA and FA affinity to metals
under alkaline conditions (Ong et al., 1970; Spark et al., 1997). That statement is in agreement
with Wang and Mulligan (2009) who demonstrated enhanced mobilization of metals (
e.g. Cu,
Pb, Zn) from mine tailings under alkaline conditions.
Wu et al. (2002) pointed out that Cu -humate and -fulvate complexes are the only dissolved
Cu species at pH above 8. A similar observation has been done by Spark et al. (1997) who
pointed out that the presence of HA at high pH prevents precipitation of metals with salts and
forms soluble humate complexes. Furthermore, Güngör & Bekbölet (2010) stated that the
effect of HA on Zn release at pH 5 is attributed to acidity effect, whereas increase of pH,
which led to an increase of Zn release might be related to the contribution of other functional
groups (
e.g. phenolic) enhancing metal mobilization process. Furthermore, various behaviours
of metals might also be due the competition of individual metals for different functional
groups of organic ligands (Kerndorff & Schnitzer, 1980) as well as binding strength (Güngör
& Bekbölet, 2010). Competitive interactions might occur when only a restricted number of
active sites is available for complex formation and depends on the pH conditions which
strongly influence the stability of formed complexes (Kerndorff & Schnitzer, 1980; Güngör &
Bekbölet, 2010). In general, the effect of HA/FA on metal mobilization in this study was
comparable that is in accordance with the study of Alberts and Filip (2010) showing a
comparable effect of HA/FA on Cu binding.
In this study, the effect of major cations on the complexation with HA/FA (20 mg/L) was not
taken into account. However, as indicated by Reuter & Perdue (1977), the humic acid
concentration at the level of 10 mg/L has a significant contribution towards metals
complexation even when major cations occur. Nevertheless, the competition of major cations
could likely take place in such systems whereby alkaline earth elements such as Ca and Mg
would have an important competing behavior (Tipping, 1993). Furthermore, cations such as
Fe and Al can also be involved in competing reaction and affect complexation of trace metals
(Tipping et al., 1992).
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