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List of figures
FIGURE 1.1 An example of historical disposal site (Rudawy Janowickie Mountains, SW
Poland) where slags are commonly found on the surface ground (A), in the soil profiles
(B) and streams (C1 and C2). ........................................................................................... 3
FIGURE 2.1 Flowsheet of pyrometallurgical copper production from sulfidic ores. .............. 15
FIGURE 2.2 Schematic picture presenting the importance of secondary phases formation. .. 29
FIGURE 2.3 Flowsheet presenting slag weathering pathways in the environment. ................ 32
FIGURE 2.4 Flowsheet presenting bio-weathering reactions occuring in the environment.... 34
FIGURE 2.5 Bulk Cu content in slags studied and examples of leaching efficiencies. .......... 57
FIGURE 2.6 Bulk Cu content in slags studied and biological leaching yield. ........................ 65
FIGURE 3.1 Geographical location and geology of the study area. ........................................ 78
FIGURE 3.2 Schematic picture presenting historical Cu production. ..................................... 79
FIGURE 3.3 Historical dumping site (A: mining waste-rock
dump in Miedzianka,
B: historical slags found in study area). .......................................................................... 79
FIGURE 3.4 Flowchart presenting the process at which shaft furnace slag is generated. ....... 80
FIGURE 3.5 Flowchart presenting the process at which granulated slag is generated. .......... 81
FIGURE 3.6 Flowchart presenting the process at which lead slag is generated. ..................... 81
FIGURE 3.7 Modern slags (A1 and A2:
shaft furnace slag, B: granulated slag, C: lead slag). ..
............................................................................................................................. 82
FIGURE 3.8 Experimental approach for pH-dependent leaching carried out for each slag. ... 90
FIGURE 3.9 Schematic picture presenting organic acids leaching experiment carried out for
each slag. ......................................................................................................................... 91
FIGURE 3.10 Schematic picture presenting experimental approach for bioweathering
experiment. ..................................................................................................................... 92
FIGURE 3.11 Schematic picture presenting experimental design for bioleaching experiments.
............................................................................................................................. 94
FIGURE 4.1 Macroscopic pictures presenting slags selected for this study. ........................ 104
FIGURE 4.2 X-RAY powder diffraction patterns of copper slags. ....................................... 109
FIGURE 4.3 Scanning electron microscope images of the phases identified in the copper
slags. ........................................................................................................................... 110
FIGURE 4.4 Variability of the chemical composition (at.%) of main sulfides in slags
presented in the Cu-Fe-S isothermal section at 600°C. ................................................ 115
FIGURE 4.5 Diagrams presenting leaching of metals (Cu, Zn, Pb) versus pH (± 0.1). ........ 119
FIGURE 4.6 Diagrams presenting relative values of leached metals versus pH (± 0.1). ...... 120
FIGURE 4.7 Scanning electron microscope images presenting Pb-inclusions in bornite of SFS
(a) and bornite encapsulated in fayalite crystals of LS (b). .......................................... 124
FIGURE 4.8 Estimated dissolution rates of fayalite and diopside as a function of pH. ........ 127
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FIGURE 5.1 Weathering scenarios that may occur at slag dumping sites. ........................... 138
FIGURE 5.2 The release of Cu under slags exposure to UPW (A), HA, FA (B) and
ARE (pH 2.9 and 4.4) (C). ............................................................................................ 143
FIGURE 5.3 The release of Zn under slags exposure to UPW (A), HA, FA (B) and
ARE (pH 2.9 and 4.4) (C). ............................................................................................ 144
FIGURE 5.4 The release of Pb under slags exposure to UPW (A), HA, FA (B) and
ARE (pH 2.9 and 4.4) (C). ............................................................................................ 145
FIGURE 5.5 Scanning electron microscopic images presenting weathering features of slags
exposed to artificial root exudates solution for 960 h. .................................................. 149
FIGURE 5.6 Scanning electron microscope images presenting weathering features of slags
exposed to humic acid solution for 960 h. .................................................................... 150
FIGURE 5.7 Bioweathering mechanisms. ............................................................................. 162
FIGURE 6.1 Evolution of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa growth
in the experiments supplemented
with crystalline slag (CS), granulated slag (GS) and control growth without slag
supplementation. ........................................................................................................... 172
FIGURE 6.2 Evolution of pH in the experiments carried out with crystalline - CS (A) and
granulated - GS (B) slag. .............................................................................................. 173
FIGURE 6.3 Cumulative leaching of Si and Fe from crystalline (CS) and granulated (GS)
slags during 112 days of experiments with ultrapure water (UPW), growth medium
(GM) and biotic solution (GMB). ................................................................................. 174
FIGURE 6.4 Cumulative leaching of metallic elements (Cu, Zn, Pb) from crystalline (CS) and
granulated (GS) slags during 112 days of experiments with ultrapure water (UPW),
growth medium (GM) and biotic solution (GMB). ...................................................... 175
FIGURE 6.5 Three-dimensional spectra presenting the fluorophores of metabolic products
excreted by
Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the presence of GS and CS after 14 and 28
days of experiment. ....................................................................................................... 179
FIGURE 6.6 SEM images presenting weathering features of crystalline slag after exposure to
ultrapure water (a), growth medium (b) and growth medium with
Pseudomonas
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