Convenience



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Fundamentals-of-Management-8th-Edition-Ricky-Griffin-978-1285849041

programmed
decision
A decision that is
relatively structured
or recurs with some
frequency (or both)
nonprogrammed
decision
A decision that is
relatively
unstructured and
occurs much less
often than a
programmed decision
Chapter 4:
Managing Decision Making
1 0 1
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Decision-Making Conditions
Just as there are different kinds of decisions, there are also different conditions under
which decisions are made. Managers sometimes have an almost perfect understanding
of the conditions surrounding a decision, but at other times they have few clues about
those conditions. In general, as shown in Figure 4.1, the circumstances that exist for the
decision maker are conditions of certainty, risk, or uncertainty.
8
Decision Making Under Certainty
When the decision maker knows with reason-
able certainty what the alternatives are and what conditions are associated with each
alternative, a
state of certainty
exists. Suppose, for example, that managers at Singapore
Airlines make a decision to buy five new jumbo jets. Their next decision would be from
whom to buy them. Because only two companies in the world make jumbo jets, Boeing
and Airbus, Singapore Airlines knows its options exactly. Each has proven products and
will guarantee prices and delivery dates. The airline thus knows the alternative condi-
tions associated with each. There is little ambiguity and relatively little chance of making
a bad decision.
Few organizational decisions, however, are made under conditions of true certainty.
The complexity and turbulence of the contemporary business world make such situations
rare. Even the airplane purchase decision we just considered has less certainty than it
appears. The aircraft companies may not be able to really guarantee delivery dates, so
they may write cost increase or inflation clauses into contracts. Thus, the airline may
be only partially certain of the conditions surrounding each alternative.

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