Convenience


Levels of International Business Activity



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Fundamentals-of-Management-8th-Edition-Ricky-Griffin-978-1285849041

Levels of International Business Activity
Firms can choose various levels of international business activity as they seek to gain a
competitive advantage in other countries. The general levels are exporting and import-
ing, licensing, strategic alliances, and direct investment. Table 2.1 summarizes the advan-
tages and disadvantages of each approach.
Chapter 2:
The Environments of Organizations and Managers
5 1
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Exporting and Importing
Importing or exporting (or both) is usually the first type
of international business in which a firm gets involved.
Exporting
, or making a product
in the firm’s domestic marketplace and selling it in another country, can involve both
merchandise and services.
Importing
is bringing a good, service, or capital into the
home country from abroad. For example, automobiles (Mazda, Ford, Volkswagen,
Mercedes-Benz, and Ferrari) and stereo equipment (Sony, Bang & Olufsen, and Sanyo)
are routinely exported by their manufacturers to other countries. Likewise, many wine
distributors buy products from vineyards in France, Italy, or the United States and
import them into their own country for resale. U.S. sports brands, such as team jerseys
and logo caps, have become one of the latest hot exports.
38
When organizations decide to increase their level of internationalization, they can
adopt several strategies. Each strategy is a matter of degree, as opposed to being a dis-
crete and mutually exclusive category. And each has unique advantages that must be
considered.
Licensing
A company may prefer to arrange for a foreign company to manufacture or
market its products under a licensing agreement. Factors leading to this decision may
include excessive transportation costs, government regulations, and home production
costs.
Licensing
is an arrangement whereby a firm allows another company to use its
brand name, trademark, technology, patent, copyright, or other assets. In return, the
licensee pays a royalty, usually based on sales. Franchising, a special form of licensing,
is also widely used in international business. Kirin Brewery, Japan’s largest producer of
beer, wanted to expand its international operations but feared that the time involved in
shipping it from Japan would cause the beer to lose its freshness. Thus, it has entered

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