Convenience

t
nature of, 409–410, 410
f
negotiation and, 414–416
resolving and eliminating, 414
stimulating, 413
conflict of interest, 44
conglomerate (H-form) design, 178, 178
f
conglomerates, 72
conscientiousness, 265
consensus, 273
consideration behavior, 332–333
consistency, 273
contemporary management perspective,
19–24
applications of, 21
challenges, 21–24
contingency perspective of, 20–21
systems perspective of, 19–20, 19
f
content perspectives on motivation, 295–299
defined, 295
individual human needs, 298–299
needs hierarchy approach, 296–297
two-factor theory of motivation, 297–298,
298
f
contingency perspective
defined, 20
of organizations, 20–21
contingency planning, 86–89, 88
f
contingent workers, 250–251
continuous-process technology, 175
contributions, 262, 263
f
control
areas of, 430
bureaucratic, 442, 442
f
decentralized, 442
f
, 443
defined, 426
effective, 444–446
elements of, 424–454
financial, 436–441
levels of, 430–431, 431
f
managing, in organizations, 444–448
nature of, 426–434
operations, 434–436, 435
f
operations management as, 469–470
overcoming resistance to, 447–448
process, steps in, 432–434, 432
f
purpose of, 427–428, 427
f
resistance to, 446–447
responsibilities for, 431–432
strategic, 443–444
structural, 441–443, 442
f
types of, 428–432
controller, 431
controlling
defined, 7
management process and, 7
f
controlling conflict, 413–414
control process, 432–434, 432
f
corrective actions and, 432
f
, 434
performance compared against standards,
432
f
, 433–434
performance measurement and, 432
f
, 433
standards and, 432–433, 432
f
control standard, 432
convergent thinking, 280
coordination, 171
core technology, 174–175
corporate governance, 46
corporate-level strategies
defined, 72
formulating, 77–83
GE Business Screen, 82–83, 82
f
related diversification, 77–78
single-product strategy, 77
unrelated diversification, 78–81
corporate university, 235
costs, minimizing, 427
f
, 428
costs, quality and, 475
coverage ratios, 440
creation of obligation, 349
creativity
background experiences and, 279–280
cognitive abilities and, 280
defined, 279
enhancing, 281–282
incubation stage of, 280–281
individual behavior and, 279–282
insight stage of, 281
personal traits and, 280
preparation stage of, 280
verification stage of, 281
crisis management, 86–89, 88
f
cross-cultural leadership, 346
cross-functional teams, 397
cultural environment, 53–54
customer
defined, 39
task environment and, 40
f
customer departmentalization, 166
cycle time, 477
D
data, 364
debt ratios, 440
decentralization, 169
decentralized control, 442
f
, 443
decision making
administrative model of, 111–112, 112
f
behavioral aspects of, 111–116, 112
f
classical model of, 104, 105
f
conditions, 102–103, 102
f
decision types and, 101
defined, 6, 100–101
escalation of commitment and, 113–115
ethics and, 115–116
group and team, 116–118, 117