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Fundamentals-of-Management-8th-Edition-Ricky-Griffin-978-1285849041

Six Sigma
Six Sigma was developed in the 1980s for Motorola. The tool can be used
by manufacturing or service organizations. The Six Sigma method tries to eliminate
mistakes. Although firms rarely obtain Six Sigma quality, it does provide a challenging
target.
Sigma
refers to a standard deviation, so a Six Sigma defect rate is six standard
deviations above the mean rate; one sigma quality would produce 690,000 errors per
million items. Obtaining three sigmas is a bit more challenging—66,000 errors per
million. Six Sigma is obtained when a firm produces a mere 3.4 mistakes per million.
Implementing Six Sigma requires making corrections until errors virtually disappear. At
GE, the technique has saved the firm $8 billion in three years. GE is now teaching its
customers, including Walmart and Dell, about the approach.
MANAGING PRODUCTIVITY
Although the current focus on quality by U.S. companies is a relatively recent phenome-
non, managers have been aware of the importance of productivity for several years. The
stimulus for this attention was a recognition that the gap between productivity in the
ISO 9000:2000
A set of quality
standards created by
the International
Organization for
Standardization and
revised in 2000
ISO 14000
A set of standards for
environmental
performance
SQC
A set of specific
statistical techniques
that can be used to
monitor quality;
includes acceptance
sampling and in-
process sampling
478
Part 5:
Controlling
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
www.MyEbookNiche.eCrater.com


United States and productivity in other industrialized countries was narrowing. This sec-
tion describes the meaning of productivity and underscores its importance. After sum-
marizing recent productivity trends, we suggest ways that organizations can increase
their productivity.

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