Convenience


Substitutes for Leadership



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Fundamentals-of-Management-8th-Edition-Ricky-Griffin-978-1285849041

Substitutes for Leadership
The concept of
substitutes for leadership
was developed because existing leadership models
and theories do not account for situations in which leadership is not needed.
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They simply
try to specify what kind of leader behavior is appropriate. The substitutes concept, however,
identifies situations in which leader behaviors are neutralized or replaced by characteristics
of the subordinate, the task, and the organization. For example, when a patient is delivered
to a hospital emergency room, the professionals on duty do not wait to be told what to do by
a leader. Nurses, doctors, and attendants all go into action without waiting for directive or
supportive leader behavior from the emergency room supervisor.
Characteristics of the subordinate that may serve to neutralize leader behavior include
ability, experience, need for independence, professional orientation, and indifference toward
organizational rewards. For example, employees with a high level of ability and experience
may not need to be told what to do. Similarly, a subordinate’s strong need for independence
may render leader behavior ineffective. Task characteristics that may substitute for leadership
include routineness, the availability of feedback, and intrinsic satisfaction. When the job is rou-
tine and simple, the subordinate may not need direction. When the task is challenging and
intrinsically satisfying, the subordinate may not need or want social support from a leader.
Organizational characteristics that may substitute for leadership include formalization,
group cohesion, inflexibility, and a rigid reward structure. Leadership may not be necessary
when policies and practices are formal and inflexible, for example. Similarly, a rigid reward
system may rob the leader of reward power and thereby decrease the importance of the role.
Preliminary research has provided support for the concept of substitutes for leadership.
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