Convenience



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Fundamentals-of-Management-8th-Edition-Ricky-Griffin-978-1285849041

reinforcement theory
argues that behavior that results in rewarding consequences is
likely to be repeated, whereas behavior that results in punishing consequences is less
likely to be repeated.
23
The “Leading the Way” feature highlights an interesting
perspective on reinforcement.
Kinds of Reinforcement in Organizations
Four basic kinds of reinforcement can result from behavior—positive reinforcement,
avoidance, punishment, and extinction.
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Two kinds of reinforcement strengthen or
maintain behavior, whereas the other two weaken or decrease behavior.
Positive reinforcement
, one method of strengthening behavior, is a reward or a posi-
tive outcome after a desired behavior is performed. When a manager observes an
employee doing an especially good job and offers praise, the praise serves to positively
reinforce the behavior of good work. Other positive reinforcers in organizations include
pay raises, promotions, and awards. Employees who work at General Electric’s customer
service center receive clothing, sporting goods, and even all-expenses-paid vacations as
rewards for outstanding performance.
The other method of strengthening desired behavior is through
avoidance
. An
employee may come to work on time to avoid a reprimand. In this instance, the
employee is motivated to perform the behavior of punctuality to avoid an unpleasant
consequence that is likely to follow tardiness.
Punishment
is used by some managers to weaken undesired behaviors. When an
employee is loafing, coming to work late, doing poor work, or interfering with the work
of others, the manager might resort to reprimands, discipline, or fines. The logic is that
the unpleasant consequence will reduce the likelihood that the employee will choose that
reinforcement
theory
Approach to
motivation that
argues that behavior
that results in
rewarding
consequences is
likely to be repeated,
whereas behavior
that results in
punishing
consequences is less
likely to be repeated

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