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Fundamentals-of-Management-8th-Edition-Ricky-Griffin-978-1285849041

Needs
General Examples
Organizational Examples
job
Challenging
title
at work
plan
salary
F I G U R E 1 0 . 2
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow’s hierarchy suggests that human needs can be classified into five categories
and that these categories can be arranged in a hierarchy of importance. A manager
should understand that an employee may not be satisfied with only a salary and
benefits; he or she may also need challenging job opportunities to experience self-
growth and satisfaction.
Source: Adapted from Abraham H. Maslow, “A Theory of Human Motivation,”
Psychology Review
, 1943, Vol. 50, pp. 370–396.
Maslow’s hierarchy
of needs
Suggests that people
must satisfy five
groups of needs in
order—
physiological,
security,
belongingness,
esteem, and self-
actualization
296
Part 4:
Leading
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Esteem needs
actually comprise two different sets of needs: the need for a positive self-
image and self-respect and the need for recognition and respect from others. A manager
can help address these needs by providing a variety of extrinsic symbols of accomplish-
ment, such as job titles, nice offices, and similar rewards as appropriate. At a more
intrinsic level, the manager can provide challenging job assignments and opportunities
for the employee to feel a sense of accomplishment.
At the top of the hierarchy are the
self-actualization needs
. These involve realizing
one’s potential for continued growth and individual development. The self-actualization
needs are perhaps the most difficult for a manager to address. In fact, it can be argued
that these needs must be met entirely from within the individual. But a manager can
help by promoting a culture wherein self-actualization is possible. For instance, a
manager could give employees a chance to participate in making decisions about their
work and the opportunity to learn new things.
Maslow suggests that the five need categories constitute a hierarchy. An individual is
motivated first and foremost to satisfy physiological needs. As long as they remain unsat-
isfied, the individual is motivated to fulfill only them. When satisfaction of physiological
needs is achieved, they cease to act as primary motivational factors, and the individual
moves “up” the hierarchy and becomes concerned with security needs. This process con-
tinues until the individual reaches the self-actualization level. Maslow’s concept of the
needs hierarchy has a certain intuitive logic and has been accepted by many managers.
But research has revealed certain shortcomings and defects in the theory. Some research
has found that five levels of need are not always present and that the order of the levels
is not always the same, as postulated by Maslow.
7
In addition, people from different
cultures are likely to have different need categories and hierarchies.

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